## Facts

- Pwllback Colliery Company operated a coal mine that produced coal dust accumulating on its land.
- The coal dust was dry and fine, posing a fire risk.
- Sparks from a train ignited the coal dust, causing a fire that spread to and destroyed timber on Woodman's adjacent property.
- Woodman claimed the colliery company allowed a nuisance by failing to remove the combustible dust.

## Issues

1. Whether the colliery company was liable for nuisance when the harm resulted from a combination of its own lawful activities and external factors (the train sparks).
2. Whether a general awareness of the risk of fire amounted to joint understanding or acceptance of the specific means by which the nuisance was caused.

## Decision

- The House of Lords ruled that the colliery company was not liable for nuisance.
- The Court accepted that a fire had occurred and caused damage but distinguished the company’s lawful operations from the unforeseen ignition by train sparks.
- It was determined there was no mutual intention, approval, or expectation between the colliery and the railway companies regarding the coal dust catching fire.
- General recognition of fire as a possible risk did not establish liability; the actual chain of events leading to the nuisance was not predictable or silently accepted by the colliery.

## Legal Principles

- Liability for nuisance can extend to lawful activities if there is a joint understanding or unspoken agreement relating to the creation or continuation of the nuisance.
- Proof of liability requires that the defendant must have foreseen and silently accepted the specific risk and means by which the nuisance occurred, not merely general awareness of a potential for harm.
- Recognizing a general risk does not satisfy the threshold for joint understanding; a clear link must exist between the defendant's conduct and the specific harm.

## Conclusion

The decision in Pwllback Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman affirms that nuisance liability depends on joint understanding or agreement regarding the specific method of harm, not on general foreseeability, thereby requiring a distinct connection between the defendant's conduct and the resulting nuisance.

Pwllback Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman [1915] AC 634