## Facts

- The case comprised joined appeals: R (Bhatt) v Independent Assessor and R (Niazi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department.
- The Bhatt application concerned the process the Independent Assessor used to determine compensation for miscarriages of justice, focusing on whether procedural fairness was observed.
- The Niazi application challenged the Secretary of State for the Home Department’s substantive decision in interpreting and applying immigration rules.
- Both cases presented questions as to whether the appropriate legal challenge was on procedural grounds (how the decision was made) or substantive grounds (what the decision was).

## Issues

1. Whether the process adopted by the Independent Assessor in Bhatt satisfied the requirements of procedural fairness.
2. Whether the Secretary of State’s decision in Niazi was lawful, rational, and within statutory powers.
3. Whether the claimant’s challenge was properly characterized as procedural or substantive, and the consequences of mischaracterization.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal examined Bhatt on procedural fairness, assessing the adequacy of reasons given and the fairness of the process.
- In Niazi, the court scrutinized the lawfulness and rationality of the Secretary of State’s decision, applying the high threshold required for substantive judicial review.
- The judgment emphasized that procedural and substantive challenges are distinct and require different legal tests and remedies.
- The Court stressed the necessity of proper characterization of claims, noting that mischaracterization may result in dismissal or ineffective legal remedies.

## Legal Principles

- Procedural fairness requires that decision-makers provide adequate reasons and a fair process allowing affected parties to participate meaningfully.
- Substantive review focuses on the lawfulness, rationality, and scope of the decision itself, employing a different standard than procedural review.
- Accurate distinction and characterization between procedural and substantive grounds are essential for the success of judicial review applications.
- Legal strategy should align with the true nature of the challenge—confusing the grounds can lead to dismissal or improper remedies.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal in R (Bhatt) v Independent Assessor; R (Niazi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department clarified the essential distinction between procedural and substantive grounds for judicial review and underscored the importance of correct characterization for effective legal challenges against decisions of public bodies.

R (Bhatt) v Assessor [2007] EWCA Civ 1495