## Facts

- Anderson was accused of providing a hacksaw blade to another prisoner, allegedly knowing it might be used to facilitate an escape.
- Anderson argued he did not intend or agree that the escape should occur, claiming he supplied the blade for reasons unrelated to any escape plan.
- The central question in the case was whether Anderson had agreed to participate in the escape or merely had knowledge of a possible escape plan.
- The House of Lords considered whether Anderson's awareness of the potential use of the blade amounted to criminal liability for assisting in the prison escape.

## Issues

1. Whether joint enterprise liability requires proof of a mutual agreement to commit the specific offense, as opposed to mere foresight that another party might commit that offense.
2. Whether Anderson's knowledge or awareness of a possible escape was sufficient for criminal liability without evidence of actual agreement to the escape plan.

## Decision

- The House of Lords ruled that mere awareness or foresight that another party might commit an offense is insufficient for liability under joint enterprise.
- Anderson's conviction could not stand without evidence of his agreement to participate in the escape plan.
- The decision clarified that conviction requires proof of a common understanding or agreement to commit the specific criminal act in question.

## Legal Principles

- Joint enterprise liability in criminal law requires a shared agreement or common plan among participants to commit a specific offense.
- Foresight of an offense by a co-participant does not itself imply agreement; knowledge alone cannot establish joint enterprise liability.
- Liability must rest on personal intent and mutual agreement rather than accidental knowledge or mere foresight.
- The ruling restricts the scope of joint enterprise, preventing liability for individuals who did not intend or agree to the commission of the offense.

## Conclusion

R v Anderson established that liability for joint enterprise demands proof of agreement rather than simply foreseeing or being aware of a co-defendant’s potential criminal actions. This distinction ensures that criminal responsibility is based on actual intent and shared plans, thereby safeguarding against unjust convictions based on mere awareness.


R v Anderson [1986] AC 27