## Facts

- Wisconsin generally limited trucks to 55 feet in length and prohibited pulling more than one trailer on state highways without a permit, while also maintaining many regulatory exceptions.
- Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. and Consolidated Freightways sought permits to operate 65-foot double-trailer units (“doubles”) on key interstate routes crossing Wisconsin, including I-90 and I-94, and were denied.
- The carriers used both 55-foot singles (tractor plus one 40-foot trailer) and 65-foot doubles (tractor plus two 27-foot trailers connected by a dolly).
- The carriers presented extensive, unrebutted evidence that 65-foot doubles on limited-access, divided highways were at least as safe as 55-foot singles.
- The carriers also showed that the restrictions disrupted routing, increased costs, and slowed service by forcing them to break up doubles at the state border, reroute around Wisconsin, or substitute 55-foot singles; they also lost the ability to accept certain double-trailer transfers.
- Wisconsin justified the restrictions primarily on highway safety grounds but did not offer comparable empirical proof contradicting the carriers’ safety evidence.
- Wisconsin routinely allowed various vehicle combinations exceeding 55 feet under exceptions that benefited certain local operations.

## Issues

1. Whether Wisconsin’s permitting scheme restricting 65-foot double-trailer trucks imposed an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce under the dormant Commerce Clause.
2. Whether the asserted highway-safety benefits were sufficient to justify the burden, given the evidentiary record and the scheme’s numerous exceptions.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the three-judge district court and remanded.
- The Court held Wisconsin’s restrictions unconstitutional under the dormant Commerce Clause.
- The Court found the regulations imposed a substantial burden on interstate commerce by forcing operational inefficiencies and non-uniform equipment choices on interstate carriers.
- The Court concluded the safety justification was speculative on this record, especially in light of unrebutted evidence that doubles were as safe as singles on the relevant highways.
- The Court noted that numerous exceptions weakened the claimed safety rationale and reduced the usual deference accorded to state safety regulations.

## Legal Principles

- Under dormant Commerce Clause balancing, a state law that substantially burdens interstate commerce is invalid when its putative local benefits are slight, unproven, or speculative in relation to the burden.
- Highway-safety regulations receive deference, but that presumption can be overcome by a strong showing of substantial interstate burdens and weak evidentiary support for the safety benefit.
- A pattern of broad exceptions may undermine the state’s asserted safety rationale and diminish reliance on state political processes as a safeguard against protectionist or excessively burdensome measures.
- State rules that force non-uniform truck configurations across state lines may create substantial burdens by fragmenting an integrated interstate transportation system.

## Conclusion

Wisconsin’s restrictions on 65-foot double-trailer trucks failed dormant Commerce Clause scrutiny because they materially impeded interstate freight operations while offering only conjectural safety benefits, and the state’s extensive exceptions further weakened its justification for the challenged limits.


Raymond Motor Transp., Inc. v. Rice, 434 U.S. 429 (1978)