## Facts

- A collision occurred in a busy shipping lane between the vessel The Empire Jamaica and another ship.
- The plaintiff alleged the defendant failed to keep a proper lookout, sound statutory signals, and observe maritime navigation rules.
- Evidence addressed each vessel’s speed, course alterations, signalling, communication practices, and prevailing weather.
- Both sides called expert witnesses to reconstruct the manoeuvres and explain steering mechanics and environmental influences.
- The trial concentrated on whether the defendant’s breaches directly caused the collision and the extent of any contributory negligence by the plaintiff.

## Issues

1. Whether the defendant’s failure to keep a proper lookout, sound signals, and comply with navigation rules was the factual (“but-for”) cause of the collision.
2. Whether the plaintiff’s own negligence in course and speed contributed to the accident, thereby reducing recoverable damages.
3. The weight to be given to expert testimony when determining causation in complex maritime collisions.

## Decision

- The court held that the defendant’s breaches were a significant and direct cause of the collision under the but-for test.
- Contributory negligence was established: the plaintiff’s improper course and excessive speed materially contributed to the accident.
- Liability was apportioned, leading to a proportional reduction of the plaintiff’s damages.
- Expert evidence on vessel handling and environmental conditions was accepted as central to reconstructing events and confirming causal links.

## Legal Principles

- Factual causation in maritime collisions is assessed by the but-for test: the damage must not have occurred without the defendant’s breach.
- Proximate cause demands a clear, direct connection between the negligent act and the resulting loss; mere contribution does not impose sole liability.
- Contributory negligence permits a reduction in damages where both parties’ faults combine to produce the collision.
- Courts may rely heavily on expert nautical testimony to evaluate technical factors such as speed, helm orders, and weather when analysing causation.

## Conclusion

The judgment confirmed that liability in vessel collisions turns on strict application of the but-for test, moderated by contributory negligence. Although the defendant’s navigation failures were primary, the plaintiff’s own navigational errors warranted shared responsibility, and damages were apportioned accordingly.


Re The Empire Jamaica [1955] 1 Lloyds Rep 50