## Facts

- An American Airlines flight traveling from Tulsa, Oklahoma, to New York City crashed in Missouri, killing passengers.
- The plaintiffs were personal representatives of deceased passengers.
- Plaintiffs alleged federal aviation officials in Oklahoma negligently failed to enforce federal aviation statutes and regulations governing airline maintenance practices at a Tulsa overhaul facility.
- The parties agreed the alleged negligent acts or omissions occurred in Oklahoma and the injuries and deaths occurred in Missouri.
- Plaintiffs received or were tendered \$15,000 each, the maximum recoverable under Missouri’s wrongful-death statute.
- Plaintiffs sued the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) in federal district court in Oklahoma, seeking additional recovery under Oklahoma’s wrongful-death statute, which did not cap damages.
- The United States filed a third-party claim against American Airlines for reimbursement of any amounts the United States might owe.

## Issues

1. In an FTCA action involving negligence in one state and injury/death in another, does “law of the place where the act or omission occurred” require application of the internal substantive law of the negligence state or that state’s whole law, including its choice-of-law rules?
2. If the whole law of the negligence state applies, and its choice-of-law rules select the injury/death state’s wrongful-death statute, must the federal court apply that foreign statute’s damages limitation?

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed dismissal of the complaints.
- The FTCA directs courts to look first to the law of the state where the alleged negligent act or omission occurred.
- “Law of the place” in the FTCA means the whole law of that state, including its choice-of-law rules.
- Applying Oklahoma’s choice-of-law rules, Missouri wrongful-death law governed because the death-causing injury occurred in Missouri.
- Because Missouri law capped recovery at \$15,000 and plaintiffs had already received or been tendered that amount, the complaints failed to state a claim for additional relief.

## Legal Principles

- In multistate FTCA tort claims, the “law of the place where the act or omission occurred” is the law of the state where the government’s alleged negligence occurred.
- The FTCA incorporates the negligence state’s whole law, including its conflict-of-laws rules, not merely its internal substantive tort rules.
- If the negligence state’s choice-of-law rules point to another state’s substantive wrongful-death law, that foreign law governs the FTCA claim, including any statutory limits on damages.

## Conclusion

The Court held that FTCA liability is determined by the whole law of the state where the government’s negligent act or omission occurred, including that state’s choice-of-law rules; because Oklahoma’s conflicts rules required applying Missouri’s capped wrongful-death statute, plaintiffs could not recover more than the Missouri maximum.


Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1 (1962)