## Facts

- Heriberto Rodriguez participated with a co-felon in an attempted armed robbery at a service station.
- Rodriguez acted as the getaway driver and waited in the car while the co-felon went inside.
- The robbery attempt failed, and the co-felon shot and killed the attendant.
- Rodriguez claimed he was unaware of the shooting when it occurred and argued the killing was the co-felon’s independent act, not done to carry out their joint plan.
- In Rodriguez’s first trial, the court did not instruct the jury on the independent-act defense; Rodriguez was convicted of felony murder and sentenced to life.
- On Rodriguez’s first appeal, the appellate court reversed and ordered a new trial because the jury should have been instructed on the independent-act defense.
- At the second trial, the court instructed that felony murder could be found if the killing occurred “during the course of” the attempted robbery, explaining that this meant the killing occurred around the time of the felony and that the events were part of a “continuous series of events.”
- The jury again convicted Rodriguez of felony murder, and he appealed a second time, challenging the retrial instructions.

## Issues

1. Whether the retrial jury instructions defining “during the course of” the attempted robbery as events occurring around the time of the felony and as part of a “continuous series of events” misstated Florida felony-murder law or effectively directed a guilty verdict.
2. Whether those instructions improperly impaired the jury’s ability to consider Rodriguez’s independent-act theory that the co-felon’s killing was outside the joint criminal plan.

## Decision

- The appellate court affirmed Rodriguez’s felony-murder conviction from the second trial.
- The court held the challenged “during the course of” and “continuous series of events” language, read with the full charge, correctly stated the law and did not direct the jury to convict.
- The court rejected the argument that the instructions removed from the jury the factual question whether the homicide was sufficiently connected to the attempted robbery, including considering the defense theory that the shooting was an independent act.

## Legal Principles

- For felony murder, the State must prove a meaningful connection between the homicide and the attempted felony; the killing must occur “during the course of” the felony rather than as a separate, unrelated event.
- A trial court may explain “during the course of” by telling jurors that the homicide and the felony may be treated as one continuous sequence when they occur around the same time and as part of the same episode, which can extend through immediate flight.
- Jury instructions are reviewed as a whole; reversal is not required unless the charge, taken together, misstates the law, misleads the jury, or shifts the State’s burden.
- An accomplice is not liable for felony murder if the co-felon’s lethal act is outside the common plan and not done to carry out the jointly undertaken felony; when supported by the evidence, the jury must be able to weigh that defense under the instructions given.
- An instruction does not amount to a directed verdict merely because it defines legal terms; it must still leave the ultimate factual decision—whether the killing occurred during the felony episode and in connection with it—to the jury.

## Conclusion

Rodriguez v. State II affirmed Rodriguez’s felony-murder conviction after retrial, holding that the court’s explanation of “during the course of” as a continuous series of events around the time of the attempted robbery did not command a guilty verdict and did not prevent the jury from deciding whether the co-felon’s shooting was connected to the robbery attempt or was instead an independent act.


Rodriguez v. State II, 617 So. 2d 1101 (1993)