## Facts

- Alexander Shenkman and his family controlled Scottish Steel Sheet Ltd. (SSS), a private company that owed a substantial debt to Colvilles Ltd.
- SSS had no assets to satisfy the debt, but Shenkman and his family also controlled Rolled Steel Products (Holdings), Ltd. (RSP).
- Shenkman had personal exposure connected with SSS’s indebtedness, giving him a strong personal interest in shifting the risk away from himself and SSS.
- British Steel Corporation (BSC) acquired Colvilles and, as successor to the creditor position, pressed for payment of SSS’s debt.
- In response, RSP’s directors approved and executed a guarantee and a debenture/charge in favor of BSC to secure SSS’s liabilities.
- RSP’s memorandum of association contained a general power (Clause 3(k)) authorizing RSP to give guarantees or provide security on such terms as “may seem expedient.”
- RSP later challenged the transaction, contending that the “expedient” language confined the power to guarantees for proper company purposes, and that guaranteeing SSS’s debt was a gratuitous use of RSP’s assets that benefited SSS (and Shenkman) rather than RSP.
- RSP sought relief against BSC (and Vivian Cooper) to invalidate the guarantee and debenture and to recover sums paid under them, arguing both lack of capacity (ultra vires) and lack of proper authority under RSP’s internal governance requirements.
- At trial, RSP succeeded; BSC (and Cooper) appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether RSP’s guarantee and debenture securing SSS’s debt were ultra vires RSP and void because the memorandum’s guarantee power (“as may seem expedient”) was limited to proper corporate purposes.
2. If the transaction was within RSP’s capacity, whether it was nonetheless an unauthorized or improper exercise of directors’ powers (a breach of duty) that made it voidable rather than void.
3. Whether BSC could enforce the instruments by relying on ostensible authority and the indoor-management rule (Royal British Bank v Turquand), or whether BSC’s knowledge of the circumstances and internal requirements prevented reliance.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal held that Clause 3(k) conferred corporate capacity on RSP to give guarantees and security, and the transaction therefore was not ultra vires RSP in the strict sense that would make it automatically void.
- Any defect lay in the directors’ use of a valid power for an improper purpose (a breach of duty or abuse/excess of power), which makes the transaction voidable rather than void.
- The enforceability against RSP turned on BSC’s notice: if the creditor had sufficient notice of the directors’ breach or of internal noncompliance, it could not rely on ostensible authority or the Turquand presumption.
- On the facts, BSC could not claim the protection of the indoor-management rule, because it had (at minimum) notice putting it on inquiry about whether RSP’s internal conditions for valid approval were satisfied.
- The result was that, although the transaction was within capacity, BSC obtained no enforceable rights against RSP under the guarantee and debenture in the circumstances shown.

## Legal Principles

- A transaction is ultra vires and void only when it falls outside the objects and powers conferred by the company’s memorandum (a capacity defect).
- Where the memorandum confers a general power (such as giving guarantees “as may seem expedient”), the company has capacity to enter the transaction; objections that the transaction served no proper company end go to directors’ duties and the use of power, not capacity.
- The key distinction is between (a) lack of capacity (void regardless of the counterparty’s knowledge) and (b) misuse or excess of a power that exists (voidable, with third-party consequences depending on notice).
- If a transaction is within capacity but involves directors acting for an improper purpose or in breach of internal requirements, the company may avoid it against a counterparty who had actual or constructive notice of the breach or irregularity.
- The indoor-management rule (Turquand) protects only a counterparty dealing with the company in good faith; it does not protect a party with notice of facts suggesting that required internal steps (such as proper authorization) were not satisfied.

## Conclusion

Rolled Steel Products (Holdings), Ltd. v. British Steel Corp. holds that a company’s memorandum power to guarantee “as may seem expedient” gives the company capacity to guarantee another entity’s debt, so the transaction is not void for lack of capacity; however, using that power for an improper purpose is a directors’ breach that renders the deal voidable, and where the creditor has sufficient notice of the impropriety or internal irregularity it cannot rely on Turquand or ostensible authority to enforce the guarantee and debenture.


Rolled Steel Products (Holdings), Ltd. v. British Steel Corp., 1 Ch. 246 (Eng. & Wales C.A. 1986)