## Facts

- A set of four consolidated actions tested the constitutionality and enforceability of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act of 1908, as amended in 1910 (FELA), governing injury and death claims by railroad employees engaged in interstate commerce.
- In Mondou, a locomotive fireman employed by a Connecticut railroad alleged he was injured in Connecticut while both he and the carrier were engaged in interstate commerce, due to the negligence of fellow employees.
- Mondou sued in a Connecticut trial court relying solely on FELA; the railroad demurred, asserting FELA was unconstitutional and, even if valid, not enforceable in Connecticut state courts.
- The Connecticut courts sustained the demurrer and rejected the claim, effectively declining to entertain the federal cause of action.
- In Babcock, a personal representative brought a FELA wrongful-death action for the benefit of a widow, creating a conflict between FELA’s beneficiary scheme and a state wrongful-death distribution rule.
- In Walsh, cross-writs of error from a federal trial court raised further challenges to FELA’s validity and application.
- FELA altered traditional common-law defenses (fellow-servant rule, assumption of risk, and contributory negligence) and prohibited contracts limiting an interstate carrier’s statutory liability.

## Issues

1. Whether Congress, under the Commerce Clause, may regulate interstate railroads’ liability to employees by altering common-law defenses and creating federal injury and wrongful-death remedies.
2. Whether FELA supersedes conflicting state employer-liability and wrongful-death laws within the same field.
3. Whether state courts of general jurisdiction may refuse to hear FELA claims because the right is federal or because of state policy objections or asserted inconvenience.
4. Whether FELA’s liability rules and its ban on contractual limitations violate due process or liberty of contract under the Fifth Amendment.
5. Whether FELA may impose liability where the injured employee and carrier are engaged in interstate commerce but the negligent co-employee is engaged in intrastate activity.

## Decision

- The Court upheld FELA as constitutional and within Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce.
- The Court held that FELA’s rules supersede state laws to the extent state law covers the same field of liability for covered railroad employees.
- The Court held that FELA-created rights are enforceable in state courts of competent, generally applicable jurisdiction, and such courts may not refuse the federal claim on policy disagreement or similar grounds.
- The Court held that Congress may modify or abolish common-law defenses and provide a wrongful-death action as part of regulating interstate commerce.
- The Court held that FELA may reach injuries to covered employees caused by co-employees even if the negligent co-employees were engaged in intrastate commerce.
- The Court rejected Fifth Amendment objections to FELA’s liability scheme and its prohibition on agreements limiting statutory liability.
- In Mondou, the adverse Connecticut judgment was reversed; the other matters were resolved consistently with the Court’s rulings on FELA’s validity and controlling scope.

## Legal Principles

- Congress may regulate the relations between interstate rail carriers and their employees while both are engaged in interstate commerce, including prescribing liability rules for workplace injuries and death.
- Federal regulation in this area displaces conflicting state law to the extent state law addresses the same subject matter for covered employees and carriers.
- A state court with jurisdiction adequate for similar actions must entertain federal causes of action on equal terms and may not deny jurisdiction merely because the claim arises under federal law.
- There is no vested property right in particular common-law rules; legislatures may change common-law doctrines subject to constitutional limits.
- Congress may abrogate or modify defenses such as fellow-servant, assumption of risk, and contributory negligence as part of a federal liability regime governing interstate commerce.
- Prohibiting agreements that limit federally imposed liability for interstate carriers does not, by itself, violate due process or liberty of contract under the Fifth Amendment.

## Conclusion

The Court sustained FELA as a valid commerce power statute, held it preemptive of conflicting state rules within its scope, and required state courts of competent jurisdiction to hear FELA claims without discrimination against federal rights.


Second Employers’ Liability Cases (Mondou v. N.Y., N.H. & H.R.R. Co.), 223 U.S. 1 (1912)