## Facts

- Second Measure, Inc., and its founders Michael Babineau and Lillian Chou sued Steven Kim, seeking a declaration that Kim held no equity interest in Second Measure.
- Kim removed the case to the Northern District of California based on diversity jurisdiction and filed counterclaims against Second Measure, Babineau, and Chou.
- Kim alleged that in September 2013 he and Babineau orally agreed to form a partnership or joint venture to develop a business analyzing credit-card spending data, with equal ownership, equal profit interests, and equal management control.
- Kim alleged the parties divided responsibilities, with Kim leading business development and Babineau (a computer engineer) leading technical development.
- Kim alleged that for months the two worked closely on the business concept (initially referred to as “Recon,” later “Second Measure”), shared certain business expenses, and jointly entered non-disclosure agreements with a data provider to obtain spending data.
- Kim alleged that Chou later joined the venture and aligned with Babineau to exclude Kim from the business relationship.
- Kim alleged that in September 2014 Babineau and Chou cut him out by blocking his access to servers, applications, and Kim’s prior work product, effectively forcing him out of the venture.
- Kim alleged that after shutting him out, Babineau and Chou formed the corporation (Second Measure) and continued pursuing the same business plan without Kim.
- Plaintiffs denied that any partnership or joint venture existed; alternatively, they argued that if one existed it dissolved by September 2014, ending any fiduciary obligations (including any duty not to compete).
- Plaintiffs moved to dismiss the counterclaims under Rule 12(b)(6) and, alternatively, sought a more definite statement under Rule 12(e).

## Issues

1. Whether Kim plausibly alleged the existence of a partnership or joint venture under California law based on an oral agreement and the parties’ conduct.
2. Whether the counterclaims could be dismissed on the theory that any partnership dissolved by September 2014 and therefore eliminated fiduciary duties as a matter of law at the pleading stage.
3. Whether Kim’s counterclaims stated plausible claims for relief under Rule 8 (and related state-law elements), or were too conclusory to proceed.
4. Whether the pleadings were so vague or ambiguous that a more definite statement was required under Rule 12(e).

## Decision

- The court denied the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.
- The court held that Kim’s allegations of an oral agreement for equal ownership, profits, and control, together with allegations of joint work and shared steps to obtain data, plausibly supported the existence of a partnership or joint venture at the pleading stage.
- The court declined to resolve, on a motion to dismiss, the parties’ dispute about whether and on what terms the relationship ended, and whether Babineau and Chou’s later conduct violated duties tied to the partnership’s business or its winding up.
- The court denied the alternative Rule 12(e) motion, finding the counterclaims sufficiently clear for plaintiffs to prepare a response.

## Legal Principles

- On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court accepts well-pled factual allegations as true and draws reasonable inferences in the nonmovant’s favor; dismissal is improper if the claim is plausible on its face.
- Under California law, a partnership or joint venture may be formed by oral agreement and conduct showing an intent to carry on as co-owners a business for profit; formal documents are not required at the pleading stage.
- Allegations of agreed equal ownership/profits/control, a defined division of labor, and concrete joint actions taken to develop the business can plausibly plead a partnership or joint venture.
- Partners and joint venturers generally owe fiduciary duties to one another in conducting the business, and fiduciary obligations may continue during dissolution and winding up with respect to partnership property, opportunities, and dealings among partners.
- A Rule 12(e) motion is granted only when a pleading is so vague or ambiguous that the responding party cannot reasonably prepare a response; detailed chronology and identified acts of alleged wrongdoing generally defeat such a request.

## Conclusion

The court denied plaintiffs’ motions to dismiss and for a more definite statement, holding that Kim’s counterclaims plausibly alleged an oral partnership or joint venture and that disputes about dissolution and any continuing fiduciary duties presented factual questions not suitable for resolution at the pleading stage, while the counterclaims were clear enough for plaintiffs to answer.


Second Measure, Inc. v. Kim, 143 F. Supp. 3d 961 (2015)