## Facts

- Adam Simmons worked for Richard and Sarah Porter, doing business as Porter Farms, as a farm truck and machinery mechanic.
- While removing a leaking fuel tank from a Porter Farms pickup truck, Simmons raised the truck on a floor jack and worked underneath it using a hanging shop light with an incandescent bulb.
- The fuel tank, containing gasoline, was secured with makeshift materials rather than standard fastenings, and Simmons did not drain the gasoline before loosening the hardware.
- The tank shifted or dropped, spilling gasoline onto Simmons; as he moved out from under the truck, the shop light fell, shattered, and ignited the gasoline.
- Simmons suffered serious burn injuries and sued the Porters for negligently failing to provide a reasonably safe workplace.

## Issues

1. Whether Kansas common-law assumption of risk should remain a complete bar to recovery in employer–employee negligence actions not governed by workers’ compensation after adoption of K.S.A. 60-258a (comparative fault).
2. Whether summary judgment for the employer based solely on assumption of risk was proper under Kansas’ comparative fault regime.

## Decision

- The Kansas Supreme Court abolished common-law assumption of risk as an absolute bar in employer–employee negligence actions outside the Kansas Workers Compensation Act.
- The court held that negligence claims in this setting must be analyzed under K.S.A. 60-258a, with the employee’s conduct considered within comparative fault rather than as a categorical defense.
- The court reversed the Court of Appeals and the district court’s summary judgment for the Porters.
- The case was remanded for reconsideration under comparative fault principles.

## Legal Principles

- After enactment of K.S.A. 60-258a, Kansas negligence law requires apportionment of causal fault and proportional reduction of damages rather than complete defeat of claims based on plaintiff conduct short of fault equal to or exceeding defendants’.
- In employer–employee negligence actions not covered by workers’ compensation, assumption of risk no longer operates as an independent affirmative defense that completely bars recovery.
- A plaintiff’s knowledge of danger and voluntary exposure to it remains relevant, but only as evidence bearing on comparative fault allocation.
- Prior Kansas decisions applying assumption of risk as a complete bar in this limited employer–employee context were overruled.

## Conclusion

Kansas unified fault allocation in non-workers’ compensation employer–employee negligence cases under K.S.A. 60-258a by eliminating assumption of risk as a complete defense, requiring juries (or factfinders) to account for an employee’s risk-taking conduct through comparative fault rather than summary dismissal.


Simmons v. Porter, 298 Kan. 299, 312 P.3d 345 (Kan. 2013)