## Facts

- Sinochem International Co. Ltd., a Chinese steel importer, contracted with Triorient Trading Inc. to purchase steel coils for shipment to China under a letter of credit requiring a timely bill of lading.
- Triorient arranged carriage on a vessel owned by Malaysia International Shipping Corp. (MISC) and hired a stevedore to load the coils in Philadelphia.
- A bill of lading dated April 30, 2003 triggered payment under the letter of credit; Sinochem alleged the bill was falsely backdated.
- Sinochem sought preservation of a maritime claim in a Chinese admiralty court and obtained arrest of MISC’s vessel; the Chinese court rejected MISC’s jurisdictional objections, and the ruling was affirmed on appeal.
- MISC then sued Sinochem in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging misrepresentations in the Chinese arrest proceeding and seeking damages for losses from the arrest.
- Sinochem moved to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, lack of personal jurisdiction, and forum non conveniens, asserting China was the proper forum.

## Issues

1. Whether a federal district court must conclusively determine subject-matter and personal jurisdiction before dismissing an action on forum non conveniens grounds.
2. Whether a district court may treat forum non conveniens as a threshold, non-merits basis for dismissal and decide it before resolving disputed jurisdictional questions.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the Third Circuit.
- The Court held that a district court has discretion to dismiss on forum non conveniens without first determining subject-matter jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction.
- The Court reinstated the district court’s forum non conveniens dismissal because the case could be adequately and more conveniently adjudicated in China.

## Legal Principles

- Forum non conveniens is a threshold, non-merits ground for dismissal that does not require the court to first establish adjudicatory jurisdiction.
- A federal court is not required to follow a rigid sequence among threshold issues; it may choose the order that best fits the case.
- When the forum non conveniens analysis is dispositive and the alternative forum is adequate, the court may avoid burdensome jurisdictional inquiries and related discovery.
- A forum non conveniens dismissal rests on the determination that the merits should be litigated in a more appropriate forum, not on an exercise of substantive law-declaring authority.

## Conclusion

The Court held that federal district courts may dismiss cases on forum non conveniens grounds as a preliminary, non-merits disposition without first resolving contested questions of subject-matter or personal jurisdiction, preserving discretion to avoid unnecessary jurisdictional litigation when a foreign forum is plainly more suitable.


Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malay. Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422 (2007)