## Facts

- Richard Smehlik, a Czechoslovakian хокey player, was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1990 NHL draft.
- While in Czechoslovakia, Smehlik met with Carl Hron, a sports agent associated with Athletes and Artists, Inc. (A&A), to discuss representation.
- Hron told Smehlik that A&A could obtain a professional hockey contract with the Sabres or another NHL team “right away.”
- On August 28, 1990, Smehlik signed an agreement appointing A&A as his exclusive representative to negotiate professional hockey contracts with the Sabres (or any team holding his rights); A&A agreed to use its “best efforts” to secure a contract.
- The agreement’s stated term was two years, or until A&A completed negotiation of Smehlik’s next professional contract, whichever was longer.
- About two years passed without A&A obtaining an NHL contract for Smehlik. Smehlik terminated the relationship and retained a different agent, who quickly arranged a contract with the Buffalo Sabres.
- A&A filed a contract-based lawsuit against Smehlik in New York state court (New York County) before the federal decision addressed here.
- Smehlik brought a federal action in the Western District of New York. His original complaint included breach of contract, negligent performance, and fraudulent misrepresentation. The court dismissed the negligence and fraud counts but granted leave to replead the fraud theory.
- Smehlik filed an amended complaint repleading misrepresentation. A&A moved to dismiss the amended misrepresentation count under Rule 12(b)(6), argued venue was improper, and asked the court to abstain in favor of the earlier-filed state case.

## Issues

1. Whether Smehlik’s amended pleading stated a viable New York common-law misrepresentation (fraud) claim, as opposed to an improper attempt to restate a breach-of-contract dispute as tort.
2. Whether venue was proper in the Western District of New York under the federal venue statute, given the dispute’s connection to Buffalo and the Sabres.
3. Whether the court should decline to proceed under Colorado River abstention because a parallel state action between the parties was already pending.

## Decision

- The court denied A&A’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the amended misrepresentation count.
- The court declined to abstain under Colorado River and retained jurisdiction despite the parallel state action.
- The court held venue was proper in the Western District of New York.

## Legal Principles

- Under New York law, a fraud or misrepresentation claim must allege a material misrepresentation of fact, falsity, intent (scienter), justifiable reliance, and resulting damages.
- A plaintiff may not convert a contract claim into fraud by alleging only that the defendant failed to perform contractual promises; a fraud theory requires misrepresentation that is not merely nonperformance (such as a false statement about present fact or present intent made to induce the agreement).
- On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court accepts well-pleaded allegations as true and asks whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.
- Colorado River abstention is a narrow exception to the federal courts’ duty to exercise jurisdiction. Parallel state litigation alone is not enough; abstention requires exceptional circumstances after weighing factors such as the presence of a res, the convenience of the federal forum, the risk of piecemeal litigation, the order of filing and case progress, whether state or federal law governs, and whether the state forum can fully resolve the dispute.
- Venue is proper in a judicial district where a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred; in disputes tied to negotiation and performance of a professional sports contract, the district connected to the team and contemplated performance may satisfy the statute even if negotiations occurred by phone or fax from elsewhere.

## Conclusion

The court held that Smehlik’s amended allegations—centered on the agent’s pre-agreement statements about securing an NHL contract “right away” and A&A’s claimed ability to do so—were sufficient at the pleading stage to state a misrepresentation claim under New York law rather than a bare contract dispute, and it allowed the case to proceed in the Western District of New York while refusing to pause the federal action under Colorado River despite the related state lawsuit.


Smehlik v. Athletes and Artists, Inc., 861 F. Supp. 1162 (1994)