## Facts

- Helen V. Robbins was killed when her car was struck and overridden by a heavily loaded oil truck owned by Coastal Oil of New York, Inc. and driven by its employee, Alan L. Whitaker, Jr.
- Whitaker approached an intersection controlled by yield signs but could not stop because the truck’s brakes were maladjusted, despite heavy braking.
- A responding trooper found Robbins unconscious and not apparently breathing shortly after the crash; she was transported to a hospital and pronounced dead.
- Evidence showed Coastal had been cited about a month earlier for safety violations involving the same truck, failed to provide adequate driver instruction on brake maintenance, and disregarded maintenance recordkeeping requirements.
- The estate, through its executor, sued under the Wrongful Death Act and the Survivor’s Act.
- The trial court dismissed the Survivor’s Act claim for compensatory damages for Robbins’s pain and suffering based on evidence that she was unconscious after impact.
- The jury awarded $44,117 in wrongful death damages and $1.25 million in punitive damages in the Survivor’s Act phase against Coastal and Whitaker.

## Issues

1. Whether a Survivor’s Act cause of action is barred when death appears instantaneous or nearly instantaneous and there is no proof of conscious pain and suffering.
2. Whether punitive damages may be awarded under the Survivor’s Act when the survival claim yields no compensatory damages for pain and suffering.
3. Whether defendants’ conduct supported punitive damages and whether the punitive award was excessive.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of New Jersey held that a Survivor’s Act action is not barred solely because the decedent’s death was instantaneous or nearly so and conscious pain and suffering cannot be proven.
- The Court held that punitive damages may be sustained under the Survivor’s Act even when no compensatory damages for pain and suffering are awarded in the survival action, where liability and causation have been established (including through a related wrongful death verdict).
- The Court recognized punitive damages are available under the Survivor’s Act and may rest on the defendant’s underlying wrongful conduct even when survival compensatory damages are zero.
- The Court reviewed the punitive award for excessiveness under New Jersey punitive-damages standards, emphasizing proportionality and the degree of wrongdoing.

## Legal Principles

- Wrongful death damages compensate beneficiaries’ pecuniary losses and are not designed to punish; survival actions preserve claims the decedent could have brought and may include punitive damages.
- Under the Survivor’s Act, proof of conscious pain and suffering is a common measure of compensatory damages but is not a prerequisite to the existence of the survival cause of action.
- Punitive damages may be awarded under the Survivor’s Act without an award of compensatory pain-and-suffering damages, provided the underlying tort elements (including causation) are established and the defendant’s conduct satisfies New Jersey’s punitive-damages culpability standard.
- Punitive damages must be assessed for reasonableness in light of the seriousness of the conduct and the relationship between punitive and compensatory recoveries.

## Conclusion

The court permitted the estate to pursue and sustain punitive damages under the Survivor’s Act despite an apparent instantaneous death and no survival pain-and-suffering award, so long as liability and causation are established and the punitive amount satisfies New Jersey limits on excessiveness.


Smith v. Whitaker, 160 N.J. 221 (1999)