## Facts

- A French-manufactured aircraft crashed in Iowa, causing deaths and injuries.
- Several Americans (and representatives of decedents) sued the aircraft’s manufacturers, Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale and Société de Construction d’Avions de Tourisme, in federal district court.
- The defendants were French corporations, and some requested discovery materials were located in France.
- Plaintiffs served discovery requests under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), seeking documents and information held in France.
- The United States and France were signatories to the Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters (Hague Evidence Convention), which provides procedures for cross-border evidence gathering through designated national authorities.
- The defendants moved for a protective order, arguing (1) the Convention’s procedures were mandatory for discovery located in France and (2) even if not exclusive, plaintiffs had to use Convention procedures before using the FRCP.
- The district court denied the protective order and allowed discovery to proceed under the FRCP.
- The Eighth Circuit denied relief and affirmed the denial of the protective order, reasoning that the Convention applied only to evidence requests directed to nonparties, not to parties in U.S. litigation.
- The Supreme Court granted certiorari to address how the Convention interacts with FRCP discovery when the discovery targets a foreign party and the evidence is located in a signatory nation.

## Issues

1. Whether the Hague Evidence Convention provides the exclusive or mandatory means for obtaining discovery located in another signatory nation.
2. Whether the Convention applies to pretrial discovery requests directed to a foreign party (as opposed to only to nonparties).
3. Whether a U.S. court must require “first resort” to Convention procedures before permitting FRCP discovery for evidence located abroad.
4. What role international comity and foreign sovereign interests play in deciding whether to order FRCP discovery that would be carried out in a foreign signatory’s territory.

## Decision

- The Court held the Hague Evidence Convention is not the exclusive or mandatory method for obtaining evidence located in a foreign signatory state; it is one available mechanism.
- The Court rejected a categorical “first resort” rule requiring litigants to attempt Convention procedures before using the FRCP.
- The Court held the Convention is not limited to nonparty evidence requests; it can apply to requests for evidence from parties as well, even though it was not designed to mirror broad U.S.-style discovery.
- The Court held that U.S. courts retain authority to order discovery under the FRCP from parties subject to their jurisdiction, including production of materials located abroad.
- The Court directed lower courts to evaluate, in a case-specific way, the competing U.S. and foreign sovereign interests when determining whether to use the Convention, the FRCP, or a tailored combination.
- The Court vacated the Eighth Circuit’s reasoning that the Convention categorically does not apply to party discovery and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the comity-based approach.

## Legal Principles

- The Hague Evidence Convention supplies optional procedures for obtaining evidence abroad; it does not displace otherwise-applicable domestic discovery rules.
- A U.S. court with personal jurisdiction over a foreign party may order that party to produce evidence under the FRCP even if the evidence is located in a Convention signatory nation.
- There is no automatic requirement that parties must attempt Convention procedures before seeking discovery under the FRCP.
- When FRCP discovery would require acts in a foreign country or conflict with foreign law or policy, courts should apply a particularized international comity analysis rather than rely on blanket rules.
- In weighing comity, courts may consider factors such as:
  - The importance of the requested material to resolving the case
  - The specificity and tailoring of the discovery demands
  - Whether the information originated in the United States or abroad
  - The availability and effectiveness of alternative means (including Convention procedures)
  - The extent to which compliance or noncompliance would affect important U.S. interests and important interests of the foreign state
- Foreign blocking statutes do not, by themselves, strip U.S. courts of power to order discovery from parties within their jurisdiction, but they may affect how courts shape or limit discovery after weighing competing sovereign interests.

## Conclusion

The Supreme Court held that the Hague Evidence Convention does not provide exclusive or mandatory procedures for obtaining evidence located in another signatory nation and that litigants need not pursue Convention methods before using the FRCP. Although the Convention can apply to party discovery, federal courts may order foreign-party discovery under the FRCP, with the choice and scope of procedures determined through a case-specific international comity analysis; the case was remanded for application of that approach.


Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. United States District Court, 482 U.S. 522 (1987)