## Facts

- John Michael Bolsinger was the program supervisor at Wittenmyer Youth Center, a highly structured state residential facility for delinquent boys.
- In August 2001, the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) investigated allegations that Bolsinger took boys into a private area and touched their genitals.
- Bolsinger represented that he was checking for medical problems such as bruises, scratches, hernias, and testicular cancer.
- Youths interviewed during the investigation testified that:
  - Bolsinger asked permission before touching them,
  - they did not understand the touching to be sexual at the time,
  - the program’s structure and staff authority made it very difficult to refuse an instructor’s request, and
  - they would not have agreed to the touching if they had known its true sexual purpose.
- After the DHS investigation, police obtained a warrant to search Bolsinger’s home, seized items including his home computer, and found numerous sexually explicit stories involving unidentified males engaging in sex acts with each other.
- Bolsinger moved to suppress the evidence seized from his home; the district court denied the motion.
- A jury convicted Bolsinger of:
  - third-degree sexual abuse (Iowa Code § 709.4(1) (2001)),
  - sexual exploitation by a counselor or therapist (Iowa Code § 709.15(2)), and
  - sexual misconduct with juvenile offenders (Iowa Code § 709.16(2)).
- The district court imposed a combination of concurrent and consecutive sentences totaling a term not to exceed thirty-seven years.
- The Iowa Court of Appeals affirmed; the Iowa Supreme Court granted further review.

## Issues

1. Whether the district court correctly applied Iowa Code § 709.4(1) (third-degree sexual abuse) to Bolsinger’s conduct, including whether the record satisfied the statutory requirements for “sexual abuse” and a “sex act.”
2. Whether the district court erred in denying Bolsinger’s motion to suppress evidence seized from his home computer on the ground that the search warrant lacked probable cause.
3. Whether the district court should have directed verdicts on the charged offenses because Bolsinger’s conduct did not constitute a statutory “sex act” under Iowa law.

## Decision

- The Iowa Supreme Court vacated the court of appeals decision.
- The Court reversed Bolsinger’s conviction for third-degree sexual abuse under Iowa Code § 709.4(1).
- The Court affirmed Bolsinger’s convictions for sexual exploitation by a counselor or therapist under Iowa Code § 709.15(2) and sexual misconduct with juvenile offenders under Iowa Code § 709.16(2).
- The Court affirmed the denial of the motion to suppress, concluding the warrant was supported by probable cause.
- The case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with the opinion (including resentencing on the remaining convictions).

## Legal Principles

- Third-degree sexual abuse under Iowa Code § 709.4(1) requires proof that the defendant performed a statutory “sex act” and that the act amounted to “sexual abuse” as defined by Iowa Code § 709.1; the State must prove the specific statutory elements, not merely that the conduct was improper.
- Iowa’s definitions of “sex act” (Iowa Code § 702.17) and “sexual contact” (Iowa Code § 702.18) are distinct; conduct that supports convictions under statutes prohibiting sexual contact in custodial or counseling relationships may still fail to satisfy the elements of third-degree sexual abuse charged under § 709.4(1).
- Statutes such as Iowa Code §§ 709.15(2) (counselor exploitation) and 709.16(2) (misconduct with juvenile offenders) focus on sexual conduct by persons in positions of authority over vulnerable individuals and can apply even where the victim’s apparent agreement or compliance is affected by the power imbalance in a highly structured setting.
- A search warrant is supported by probable cause when the affidavit establishes a fair probability that evidence connected to the suspected offenses will be found at the place to be searched; courts consider the totality of the circumstances, including the alleged pattern of conduct and the logical connection between that conduct and the items sought.
- On review of a denied motion to suppress and sufficiency challenges, appellate courts assess whether the district court’s rulings are supported under the governing constitutional and statutory standards and whether the evidence permits a rational finding of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Conclusion

State v. Bolsinger held that the State failed to prove the statutory elements necessary to sustain a third-degree sexual abuse conviction under Iowa Code § 709.4(1) on the record presented, but that the evidence was sufficient to support convictions for sexual exploitation by a counselor and sexual misconduct with juvenile offenders, and the Court also upheld the home-computer search because the warrant was supported by probable cause; the case was remanded after reversal of the sexual-abuse count.


State v. Bolsinger, 709 N.W.2d 560 (2006)