## Facts

- Cleveland L. Cargile was arrested after being identified as a participant in an assault and theft of a cell phone.
- Officers conducted a pat-down at arrest and a second pat-down before placing him in a police car; no drugs were found.
- Before entering the jail for processing, an officer twice warned Cargile that bringing drugs or weapons into the facility could lead to a felony and asked if he had contraband; Cargile denied having any.
- During booking, an officer noticed evasive leg movements and found marijuana hidden in a pants cuff.
- Cargile was indicted for two robberies and illegal conveyance of prohibited items onto detention-facility grounds under Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.36(A)(2).
- A jury acquitted him of both robberies but convicted him of illegal conveyance; he received a two-year prison sentence on that count.

## Issues

1. Whether evidence was sufficient to prove Cargile “knowingly convey[ed]” a drug of abuse onto detention-facility grounds under Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.36(A)(2) when he entered only because police transported him after arrest.
2. Whether criminal liability for illegal conveyance required proof of a voluntary act beyond continued possession of contraband while in custody.

## Decision

- The court of appeals reversed and vacated the illegal-conveyance conviction.
- It held the evidence was insufficient because the state did not prove a voluntary act of “conveyance” onto the detention facility’s grounds.
- It concluded that being taken into the facility as an arrestee, without additional affirmative conduct by the defendant, did not satisfy the statute’s conveyance element.

## Legal Principles

- Criminal liability generally requires conduct that includes a voluntary act (actus reus), not merely compelled movement attributable to law enforcement.
- Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.36(A)(2) prohibits “knowingly convey[ing], or attempt[ing] to convey” a drug of abuse onto detention-facility grounds.
- For sufficiency review, a conviction cannot stand if, viewing the evidence most favorably to the prosecution, no rational factfinder could find each element proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
- Continued possession of contraband during involuntary transport into a detention facility, standing alone, is not “conveyance” where the defendant did not choose to enter the facility and performed no additional affirmative act to bring the item onto the grounds.

## Conclusion

The court vacated Cargile’s illegal-conveyance conviction, reasoning that the state failed to prove a voluntary act of conveying contraband onto jail grounds when Cargile’s entry into the facility occurred solely because he was arrested and transported there by police.


State v. Cargile, No. 89964, 2008-Ohio-2783, 2008 WL 2350644 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. June 12, 2008)