## Facts

- Michael Shawn Casey was in a relationship with Tresa Franz.
- On April 12, 1999, Casey and a friend went to Franz’s home, and the three drank alcohol.
- Casey drove Franz and the friend to a liquor store, where Franz bought a bottle of rum.
- The friend and Franz each had a drink, but Casey drank most of the rum and became intoxicated and belligerent.
- While driving, Casey and Franz argued; Franz asked to be taken home, and Casey refused, laughed at her, and threatened to kill her.
- Casey drove to another friend’s home and briefly got out; when he returned, he and Franz argued again in the vehicle.
- Casey reached behind the driver’s seat, grabbed a handgun, and pointed it at Franz’s head.
- Casey pulled the trigger while aiming at Franz’s head, but the gun misfired.
- Casey then fired a round toward Franz’s feet; the bullet lodged in the vehicle’s floor.
- Casey again pointed the gun at Franz’s head; Franz jumped out of the moving vehicle as Casey fired another round.
- Following a jury trial, Casey was convicted of attempted murder (and other offenses).
- On appeal, Casey challenged the attempted-murder instruction because it allowed conviction if he acted “intentionally or knowingly,” rather than requiring intent to kill.

## Issues

1. Whether attempted murder under Utah law may be committed with a “knowing” mental state, or whether it requires an “intentional” mental state (a specific intent to kill).
2. Whether instructing the jury that attempted murder could be committed “intentionally or knowingly” was reversible error, or harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Decision

- The Utah Supreme Court held that attempted murder is a specific-intent offense and cannot be based on a merely “knowing” mental state.
- The court ruled the trial court erred by instructing that attempted murder could be committed “intentionally or knowingly.”
- The court nevertheless affirmed because the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in light of the evidence of Casey’s intent to kill.

## Legal Principles

- Criminal attempt requires proof that the defendant acted with the intent to commit the target offense; attempt liability demands a specific intent directed at the prohibited result.
- Attempted murder requires an intentional mental state: the defendant must act with the conscious objective to cause the victim’s death; “knowing” (awareness that death is practically certain) is not enough for attempt.
- A jury instruction that permits conviction on a lesser mental state than the law requires is error and is reviewed for harmlessness; the conviction may stand if the State shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.
- When the record shows repeated, deliberate efforts to shoot a victim—especially coupled with death threats—an erroneous “knowing” option may be harmless because any reasonable jury would still find intent to kill.

## Conclusion

State v. Casey, 82 P.3d 1106 (2003), held that Utah attempted murder requires proof the defendant intended to kill and cannot rest on a “knowing” mental state. Although the trial court wrongly instructed the jury that Casey could be convicted if he acted “intentionally or knowingly,” the Utah Supreme Court affirmed because the evidence—death threats and repeated aiming and firing a handgun at the victim’s head—proved intent to kill beyond a reasonable doubt, making the instructional error harmless.
