## Facts

- Richard Lewis Johnson and his wife separated in March 1984; Johnson kept custody of their two children, Christopher (11) and Joyce (5).
- During a dispute over access to the children, Johnson referenced a man who killed his family and, according to the wife, threatened to do the same.
- In early June 1984, Christopher was hospitalized with symptoms consistent with organophosphate (insecticide) poisoning and was treated and released.
- On June 15, 1984, Joyce was taken to the hospital with urinary symptoms and was prescribed an antibiotic described as a sweet-odored, dark-orange liquid.
- On June 17, 1984, before leaving the home, Johnson gave Joyce a teaspoon of a white liquid; Christopher testified it smelled like “bug poison.”
- Joyce soon became severely ill, exhibited signs consistent with poisoning, and stopped moving; she was taken to the hospital and died.
- Medical testimony indicated Joyce’s symptoms were consistent with oral ingestion of an organophosphate poison.
- Johnson testified he had sprayed insecticide in the home, denied threatening to kill his children, and claimed he gave Joyce the prescribed antibiotic.

## Issues

1. Whether first-degree murder based on premeditation and deliberation requires a jury finding of specific intent to kill, and whether the trial court’s instructions adequately conveyed that requirement.
2. Whether the evidence required the trial court to instruct on the lesser-included offenses of second-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of North Carolina affirmed the first-degree murder conviction.
- The jury charge, read as a whole, adequately required a finding that Johnson intentionally killed Joyce with premeditation and deliberation.
- The trial court did not err by refusing to instruct on second-degree murder or involuntary manslaughter because no reasonable view of the evidence supported those lesser verdicts.

## Legal Principles

- First-degree murder by premeditation and deliberation requires a specific intent to kill formed after reflection, however brief.
- Jury instructions are evaluated contextually as a whole; reversal is not required if the charge fairly and correctly conveys the essential elements, even without preferred formulaic wording.
- A lesser-included offense instruction is required only when evidence would permit a rational juror to convict of the lesser offense and acquit of the greater.
- When the State’s evidence is positive as to each element of the greater offense and the defense offers no evidentiary basis reducing the crime, the court may submit only the greater offense (creating an effective “greater offense or acquittal” choice).
- Second-degree murder is a malicious killing without premeditation and deliberation; involuntary manslaughter is an unintentional killing resulting from a non-felonious unlawful act or culpable negligence.

## Conclusion

The court upheld Johnson’s first-degree murder conviction, holding that the jury instructions sufficiently communicated the required specific intent to kill for a premeditated and deliberate murder and that the evidence did not support instructing the jury on second-degree murder or involuntary manslaughter.


State v. Johnson, 317 N.C. 193, 344 S.E.2d 775 (N.C. 1986)