## Facts

- Michael S. Porter and D.J. Flett met while drinking at a bar and later had an altercation outside around 2:00 a.m.
- Porter punched Flett, who fell and struck his head on the pavement, rendering him unconscious.
- While Flett was unconscious on the ground, Porter struck him “two or three more times” in the face.
- Flett suffered extensive head and facial injuries, including brain damage likely caused by the impact with the pavement, and died from those injuries.
- The State charged Porter with second-degree murder.
- At the preliminary hearing, the State conceded the evidence did not show an intent to kill but argued it showed malice aforethought; the magistrate found probable cause and bound Porter over on second-degree murder.
- The district court ruled intent to kill was an element of second-degree murder, reduced the charge to voluntary manslaughter, and the State appealed.
- The Court of Appeals reversed and ordered reinstatement of the second-degree murder charge; the Idaho Supreme Court granted review.

## Issues

1. Whether Idaho second-degree murder requires proof that the defendant intended to kill, or whether malice aforethought without specific intent is sufficient.
2. Whether Idaho voluntary manslaughter requires proof that the defendant intended to kill.
3. Whether, at the preliminary hearing stage, there was substantial evidence of every material element to bind Porter over for second-degree murder under Idaho Criminal Rule 5.1(b).

## Decision

- The Idaho Supreme Court held that intent to kill is not a required element of second-degree murder under Idaho law.
- The Court held that intent to kill is not a required element of voluntary manslaughter under Idaho law.
- The Court concluded the magistrate applied the correct legal standard and had substantial evidence supporting probable cause for second-degree murder based on malice aforethought.
- The Court affirmed the result directing reinstatement of the second-degree murder charge and rejected the district court’s reduction of the charge.

## Legal Principles

- Under Idaho Code § 18-4001, murder requires an unlawful killing with malice aforethought (or intentional torture resulting in death); malice aforethought does not necessarily mean a specific intent to cause death.
- “Malice aforethought” may be shown by mental states short of an intent to kill, including intent to cause serious bodily harm or conduct reflecting an extremely reckless disregard for human life.
- Courts may not add a specific-intent-to-kill element to second-degree murder absent statutory text requiring it.
- Under Idaho Criminal Rule 5.1(b), a defendant may be bound over after a preliminary hearing when there is probable cause supported by substantial evidence on each material element of the charged offense.

## Conclusion

The court clarified that Idaho second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter do not require proof of an intent to kill; for second-degree murder, probable cause may rest on evidence supporting malice aforethought even when the State cannot show a specific intent to cause death, and the second-degree murder charge against Porter was reinstated.


State v. Porter, 142 Idaho 371, 128 P.3d 908 (Idaho 2005)