## Facts

- Two groups of young people arranged to meet on Garfield Road in Cleveland (known as “The One Way”) for a fight, and a crowd gathered.
- Robert Robinson drove to the area with his girlfriend, two of her friends, and Jeremy Logan.
- As the crowd formed around Robinson’s car, a friend of Dena’Jua Delaney (also known as “Bubbles”) approached the vehicle and punched Logan in the face.
- Several eyewitnesses testified that Logan then fired multiple shots toward the crowd behind the car.
- Eyewitnesses also testified that Robinson fired a gun out of the driver’s window, shooting toward the back of the car where people were located.
- Delaney fell after the shots were fired and later died from the shooting.
- Robinson drove away, and someone from the crowd then fired shots at the departing car.
- Robinson and Logan later turned themselves in to police.
- Robinson admitted he fired one shot toward the back of his car but claimed he did so only after others had already fired and after Logan said his gun had jammed; Robinson also claimed the crowd had dispersed by the time he shot.
- Logan entered a plea agreement and testified against Robinson.
- At trial, Robinson was acquitted of murder but convicted of felony murder (based on an underlying felonious assault theory) and related offenses, including felonious assault and discharging a firearm on or near prohibited premises, with firearm specifications.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence was sufficient—and whether the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence—to prove Robinson acted “knowingly” (rather than merely “recklessly”) when he fired, supporting felonious assault and felony-murder liability.

## Decision

- The court held the state presented sufficient evidence that Robinson acted “knowingly,” because a jury could infer the required mental state from testimony that he fired a handgun from a vehicle toward an area where people were present.
- The court held the convictions were not against the manifest weight of the evidence, because the jury was entitled to credit eyewitness accounts placing people behind the car and reject Robinson’s claim that the crowd had cleared.
- The court affirmed Robinson’s core convictions stemming from the shooting, while reversing a limited portion of the judgment and remanding for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.

## Legal Principles

- A defendant acts “knowingly” when he is aware his conduct will probably cause a certain result; the state may prove this mental state through circumstantial evidence.
- A jury may infer “knowing” conduct from the use of a deadly weapon in a manner likely to cause serious physical harm, including firing a gun toward persons (or a group of persons) even if a specific target is not identified.
- Felony murder may be established when a death is proximately caused by the defendant’s commission or attempted commission of a qualifying predicate offense (such as felonious assault), and the state need not prove a separate purpose to kill.
- Sufficiency review asks whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational factfinder could find the elements proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
- Manifest-weight review considers the whole record and credibility disputes, but reversal is reserved for the exceptional case where the factfinder clearly lost its way.

## Conclusion

State v. Robinson held that testimony that Robinson fired a handgun from his car toward people gathered behind the vehicle permitted a finding that he acted “knowingly,” supporting felonious assault and felony murder based on proximate causation. The court rejected Robinson’s claim that the evidence showed only recklessness and largely affirmed the convictions, while ordering a limited reversal and remand to correct the judgment as specified in the opinion.


State v. Robinson, 2013-Ohio-4375 (2013)