## Facts

- Freddie Stephens, a Black defendant, was convicted in Hall County, Georgia, of two counts of selling cocaine in violation of Georgia’s Controlled Substances Act.
- The State sought enhanced punishment under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30(d), which mandates life imprisonment for a second or subsequent qualifying conviction when proper notice is given.
- The State provided pretrial notice under O.C.G.A. § 17-10-2 that it would seek the recidivist life sentence enhancement.
- After conviction, the trial court imposed two life sentences.
- Stephens challenged O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30(d) as applied, asserting violations of equal protection and due process based primarily on statistical evidence of racial disparities in who received life sentences under the statute.
- Stephens’ proffered data indicated that statewide and in Hall County, nearly all persons serving life sentences under the statute were Black, and that Black defendants received life sentences at much higher rates than White defendants.

## Issues

1. Whether statistical evidence showing racial disparities in the use of O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30(d) established an as-applied equal protection violation through selective prosecution or selective sentencing.
2. Whether O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30(d)’s mandatory life sentence for repeat qualifying drug offenders violated substantive due process because it was irrational or excessive.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed.
- The court held that the statute is facially race neutral and that Stephens’ statistical evidence did not establish purposeful racial discrimination in his case.
- The court held that the mandatory life-sentence scheme for qualifying recidivist drug offenses satisfied rational basis review and did not violate due process.
- Stephens’ two life sentences remained in effect.

## Legal Principles

- An as-applied equal protection challenge based on selective prosecution requires proof of both discriminatory effect and discriminatory purpose; statistical disparity alone does not establish intent.
- To show discriminatory effect in selective prosecution, a defendant must present evidence that similarly situated persons of a different race were not prosecuted or not subjected to the enhancement.
- Aggregate statistics that do not control for case-specific variables (e.g., criminal history, offense characteristics, plea practices) are generally insufficient to prove intentional discrimination.
- A mandatory recidivist drug-sentencing statute is evaluated under rational basis review for substantive due process and is valid if reasonably related to legitimate legislative goals such as deterrence and incapacitation.
- Pretrial notice procedures for seeking enhanced punishment under O.C.G.A. § 17-10-2 support the statute’s application by providing advance warning of the State’s intent to pursue the enhancement.

## Conclusion

The Georgia Supreme Court upheld O.C.G.A. § 16-13-30(d) against as-applied equal protection and due process challenges, ruling that stark racial disparities shown by general statistics did not prove purposeful discrimination and that mandatory life imprisonment for qualifying repeat drug offenders was rationally related to legitimate governmental objectives.


Stephens v. State, 265 Ga. 356, 456 S.E.2d 560 (Ga. 1995)