## Facts

- David Stewart argued with James Dotey and John McCartney about a small debt that either Dotey or McCartney owed Stewart.
- During the first dispute, Dotey and McCartney attacked Stewart, but Stewart was not seriously hurt.
- Two nights later, Stewart again approached Dotey and McCartney and renewed the argument about repayment.
- Dotey advanced toward Stewart with a raised hand and struck at him.
- Stewart did not withdraw and stabbed Dotey five times, killing him.
- Witnesses testified that the day before the killing Stewart displayed a large knife and said he would carry it, demand the money whenever he saw Dotey, and if Dotey tried to strike him Stewart would “cut [Dotey’s] guts out.”
- Stewart also said there would be “war” in the barroom that night because he intended to confront McCartney and Dotey about the money.
- Stewart was indicted and tried for murder in the second degree.
- During jury selection, the trial court excused a juror (who had been struck in the selection process) after learning the juror was a postmaster.
- Over defense objections, the State introduced Stewart’s prior threats against Dotey to prove malice.
- The trial court instructed the jury that, in a sudden affray, a person may use deadly force in self-defense only if he retreats as far as he can with safety and killing is absolutely necessary to save his life or prevent great bodily harm.
- The trial court refused Stewart’s requested instruction that if attacked by a person of superior strength, the defendant is not required to flee and may use such force and such weapons as necessary to resist.
- Stewart was convicted of murder in the second degree and sought review in the Supreme Court of Ohio, claiming error in jury selection, evidentiary rulings, and the court’s charge on self-defense.

## Issues

1. Whether the trial court committed reversible error by excusing a struck juror for good cause, where the juror was a postmaster.
2. Whether, in a prosecution for murder in the second degree, the State may introduce the defendant’s prior threats against the deceased to prove the killing was malicious.
3. Whether a conviction should be reversed because the trial court misstated the law on a question that was not raised by the evidence and could not have influenced the verdict.
4. Whether the trial court erred in its self-defense instructions, including the requirement of retreat when it can be done with safety and the refusal to give Stewart’s requested “superior strength” instruction.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed Stewart’s conviction for second-degree murder.
- The court held it was not error to excuse a struck juror for good cause; the juror’s status as a postmaster was good cause.
- The court held the State could prove Stewart’s prior threats against Dotey to show the killing was malicious.
- The court held a judgment will not be reversed for misdirection on an abstract question of law that could not arise on the evidence or affect the jury’s decision.
- The court found no reversible error in the challenged self-defense instructions or in the refusal to give Stewart’s requested instruction.

## Legal Principles

- A trial court may excuse a struck juror for good cause shown; a juror’s status as a postmaster may qualify as good cause.
- In a second-degree murder trial, the State may introduce evidence of prior threats made by the defendant against the person later killed to prove malice.
- A conviction will not be reversed for an erroneous instruction on an abstract legal question that is not raised by the evidence and could not have influenced the verdict.
- Self-defense in homicide requires that the defendant not be at fault in creating the situation that led to the affray, and that the defendant act from an honest belief of imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.
- Even in a sudden affray, if a defendant can retreat or otherwise avoid the danger with safety, the defendant must do so; deadly force is justified only when necessary to prevent death or great bodily harm.
- Evidence that a defendant armed himself in anticipation of a renewed confrontation, and evidence of prior threats, may support a finding of malice and weaken a claim that the killing was purely defensive.

## Conclusion

The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed Stewart’s second-degree murder conviction, holding that the trial court properly excused a postmaster juror for cause, properly admitted Stewart’s prior threats to show malice, and would not reverse for instruction errors on matters not presented by the evidence; the court also found no reversible error in the self-defense charge, which required the defendant to be free from fault and to retreat when he could do so with safety before using deadly force.


Stewart v. State, 1 Ohio St. 66 (1852)