## Facts

- Alfred Keese was born on August 2, 1959.
- When Alfred was about six months old, his biological parents sent him to live with his aunt and uncle, Bessie and Frank Tsosie.
- In 1965, Bessie and Frank petitioned to adopt Alfred, but the adoption was denied after Alfred’s biological parents withdrew their consent.
- After the failed adoption, a tribal court appointed the Tsosies as Alfred’s guardians.
- In 1971, Frank Tsosie (the insured wage earner) died while Alfred was still living with the Tsosies under the guardianship arrangement.
- Four months before Frank’s death, Alfred began receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) benefits of $37 per month.
- Around the same time, Alfred also received $6.20 per month in Social Security benefits on his biological father’s earnings record, for a combined $43.20 per month from sources other than Frank.
- The AFDC benefits were discontinued about five months after Frank’s death due to a policy change.
- After Frank died, Bessie filed a new adoption petition, and the adoption was granted on November 14, 1972.
- Bessie then applied for Social Security child’s insurance benefits for Alfred on Frank’s earnings record.
- An administrative law judge and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare denied the application, concluding Alfred did not qualify as Frank’s “child” under 42 U.S.C. § 416(e) because the adoption occurred after Frank’s death and Alfred had been receiving regular and substantial outside support.
- The district court upheld the denial on summary judgment, and Bessie appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether, under 42 U.S.C. § 416(e), a child adopted after an insured wage earner’s death qualifies for child’s insurance benefits when the child was receiving regular and substantial support from other sources at the time of death.
2. Whether § 416(e)’s limits on benefits for after-adopted children violate the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause (as applied through equal protection principles).

## Decision

- The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s summary judgment for the Secretary.
- The court held that Alfred did not qualify as a “child” under § 416(e) because he was adopted after Frank’s death and was receiving regular and substantial support from other sources at the time of death.
- The court rejected Bessie’s argument that Congress meant to allow benefits when adoption proceedings had been initiated before the wage earner’s death; the earlier petition had been denied, and the statute’s eligibility conditions still controlled.
- The court agreed that the AFDC payments plus benefits on Alfred’s biological father’s account could be treated as “regular and substantial” outside support for purposes of the statutory limitation.
- The court upheld the statute against the constitutional challenge, applying rational basis review and concluding the classification was reasonable in light of Congress’s objectives for child’s insurance benefits.

## Legal Principles

- Under the Social Security Act’s definition provisions, an after-adopted child may be excluded from “child” status for child’s insurance benefits if statutory dependency-related conditions are not met at the time of the insured’s death.
- In evaluating whether an after-adopted child received “regular and substantial” support from sources other than the insured, public assistance and other benefit payments received on another person’s earnings record may count as outside support.
- In social welfare legislation, classifications that do not involve a suspect class or a fundamental right are tested under rational basis review; Congress may draw lines that aim benefits toward children likely dependent on the insured and away from claims less tied to that dependency.

## Conclusion

The Ninth Circuit held that Alfred Keese, adopted by Bessie Tsosie after Frank Tsosie’s death, was ineligible for child’s insurance benefits on Frank’s earnings record because Alfred was receiving regular and substantial outside support at the time of death, and the court further held that § 416(e)’s treatment of after-adopted children satisfied rational basis review under the Fifth Amendment.


Tsosie v. Califano, 630 F.2d 1328 (1980)