## Introduction

Extradition is the formal process by which one country requests another to return a person to stand trial or to serve a sentence. The UK maintains extradition arrangements with over 100 territories through treaties and international conventions. Most extradition hearings take place before a District Judge at Westminster Magistrates’ Court in London, with appeals to the High Court and, in select cases, the Supreme Court. In some matters, the final decision can rest with the Home Secretary.

This guide explains how the process works, the main defences (often called bars to extradition), and practical steps to take if you are subject to an extradition request or worry one might be made.

## What You'll Learn

- How an extradition request starts and progresses in the UK
- Who decides your case: the court, and in some cases the Home Secretary
- Common bars to extradition, including double jeopardy, forum, and speciality
- How human rights and proportionality are assessed
- The role of solicitors and specialist counsel, and why early advice matters
- What evidence can help (including expert reports from the UK and abroad)
- How quickly cases can move and what to expect at court
- Appeal routes and strict time limits

## Core Concepts

### The UK Extradition Framework

- Legal basis: Extradition to and from the UK is governed primarily by the Extradition Act 2003 and relevant treaties or international agreements.
- Different regimes: The precise steps depend on which territory is requesting. Some regimes are warrant‑based with streamlined procedures; others involve a formal request and an additional decision by the Home Secretary after the court stage.
- Who’s who:
  - Requesting State: the country asking the UK to extradite.
  - Requested person: the individual sought.
  - Westminster Magistrates’ Court: where almost all extradition cases begin and are decided at first instance by a District Judge.
  - Secretary of State (Home Secretary): in certain cases (depending on the regime), makes the final decision following the court’s ruling.

### From Request to Arrest and the First Hearing

- The request: The requesting State contacts UK authorities with the necessary documentation. If accepted, a domestic warrant may be issued.
- Arrest and initial hearing: You may be arrested and brought promptly before Westminster Magistrates’ Court. The court checks identity and the basic details of the request, considers bail, and sets a timetable.
- Bail and conditions: Bail can be granted or refused. Conditions often include residence, surrender of passport, curfew, electronic monitoring, and regular reporting.
- Case management and hearings: Some cases resolve quickly (for example, if a person consents to extradition). Others proceed to a contested hearing where the court considers the statutory tests and any bars to extradition.
- Final decision maker: The District Judge usually gives the initial decision. In some regimes, if the court sends the case on, the Home Secretary makes the final decision.

### Bars to Extradition: What Can Stop a Case

The court must refuse extradition if any statutory bar applies. Common bars include:

- Double jeopardy: You cannot be extradited to be tried or punished twice for the same matter.
- Absence of a prosecution decision: Extradition may be barred if the case abroad has not reached the stage where prosecution is sufficiently advanced.
- Extraneous considerations: The court must consider whether the request is improperly motivated (for example, due to political opinions).
- Passage of time: If the alleged conduct or sentence is old and extradition would be unjust or oppressive due to the passage of time.
- Age: The person’s age can bar extradition where the conduct would not have been an offence at the relevant time, or where age makes extradition unjust.
- Speciality: If extradited, you should only be dealt with for the specific offences for which you were extradited.
- Onward extradition: If you were previously extradited to the UK from a third country, that country’s consent may be needed before you can be extradited onwards; lack of consent can bar extradition.
- Forum: The court considers whether it would be more appropriate for prosecution to take place in the UK instead.

### Human Rights and Proportionality

- Human rights: The court must refuse extradition if it would be incompatible with your rights, such as:
  - Article 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment): For example, a real risk from prison conditions or medical care shortcomings.
  - Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life): Particularly where a person has been settled in the UK for some time or has dependent children.
- Proportionality: Even if a bar does not apply, the court considers whether extradition would be disproportionate in light of the seriousness of the conduct, likely sentence, the availability of less intrusive measures, and the impact on you and your family.

### Why Specialist Representation Matters

Extradition law is technically complex and fast‑moving. You should have a solicitor from the outset. A duty solicitor will be available at court, but you can ask for your preferred firm to be contacted. Many cases benefit from instructing counsel experienced in extradition. Early involvement helps to:

- Assess the applicable regime and decision‑makers
- Identify any bars and human rights arguments
- Prepare targeted evidence (including expert reports from abroad)
- Manage bail and protect your position
- Preserve appeal rights within strict deadlines

## Key Examples or Case Studies

### Case Study 1: Quick Resolution by Consent

Context: A treaty partner requested a UK‑based individual for sentence enforcement. The documentation was in order and the person accepted the request.

Outcome: At the first hearing, the person consented to extradition. The court ordered extradition swiftly, avoiding a contested hearing.

Takeaway: If there is no realistic defence and the person wants to return to resolve matters, consenting can shorten proceedings significantly.

### Case Study 2: Forum and Family Life

Context: A professional with long‑term residence in the UK was sought for alleged financial offences partly conducted here. They had a young family and strong community ties.

Outcome: The defence argued the forum bar, supported by evidence that a UK prosecution was feasible, alongside Article 8 family life considerations. The court refused extradition.

Takeaway: Where conduct and evidence are substantially in the UK and family life would be severely affected, the forum bar and Article 8 can carry real weight.

### Case Study 3: Passage of Time and Prison Conditions

Context: A request arrived many years after the alleged conduct. The person had built a settled life in the UK. Expert evidence on prison conditions in the requesting State raised Article 3 concerns.

Outcome: The court found extradition would be unjust and oppressive due to delay and that there was a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment. Extradition was refused.

Takeaway: Older cases and poor detention conditions overseas can justify refusal, particularly where well‑prepared expert evidence is presented.

## Practical Applications

- Contact a solicitor immediately
  - Do not wait for a hearing date. Early advice helps shape the strategy, preserve evidence, and prepare for bail.
  - If arrested, ask the court to contact your chosen solicitors. A duty solicitor will assist if needed.

- Prepare for the first hearing
  - Bring identification, proof of address, employment details, and information about dependants.
  - Plan a robust bail package: suitable sureties, residence, and willingness to comply with conditions.

- Build the evidence early
  - Personal circumstances: statements from you and family members, evidence of caring responsibilities, employment, health issues, and community ties.
  - Expert reports: on prison conditions, legal process in the requesting State, medical issues, and rehabilitation prospects.
  - Forum evidence: where conduct and witnesses are located, availability of evidence in the UK, and whether a UK prosecution is realistic.

- Identify and argue the bars that fit your case
  - Double jeopardy: gather documents showing previous acquittal or conviction on the same matter.
  - Passage of time: demonstrate why extradition would now be unjust or oppressive, with medical and family evidence where relevant.
  - Extraneous considerations: evidence of improper motive or discrimination.
  - Age and speciality: confirm the legal position at the relevant time and ensure the scope of any request is confined to the specified offences.
  - Onward extradition: if you were previously extradited to the UK, check whether onward consent is needed.

- Human rights and proportionality
  - Article 3: obtain independent reports and, if applicable, seek assurances addressing specific risks.
  - Article 8: show the real‑world impact on partners, children, and dependants. Practical arrangements (schooling, care plans, finances) matter.

- Understand who decides and when
  - Court: the District Judge decides the case at first instance, considering bars, human rights, and proportionality.
  - Home Secretary: in certain regimes, the Secretary of State makes the final decision after the court stage. Your legal team can make representations at this point.

- Appeals and time limits
  - Appeals to the High Court are possible in many cases, and sometimes to the Supreme Court. Time limits are short and measured in days. If you wish to appeal, tell your solicitor immediately.

- Manage travel and digital footprints
  - Avoid international travel without advice. Do not contact witnesses or officials abroad without your legal team, as this can affect strategy.

- Consider consent only with full advice
  - Consenting to extradition can speed matters up, but it removes most routes of challenge. Take legal advice before making this decision.

## Summary Checklist

- Get specialist legal advice as soon as possible
- Identify the applicable extradition regime and decision‑maker
- Prepare for bail with documents, sureties, and a clear plan
- Map out potential bars: double jeopardy, passage of time, forum, speciality, onward consent, age, extraneous considerations
- Gather evidence early: personal, medical, family, and expert reports
- Assess human rights and proportionality (Articles 3 and 8)
- If previously extradited to the UK, check onward consent requirements
- Keep to strict appeal deadlines; instruct your solicitor to protect your rights

## Quick Reference

| Concept                  | Decision-maker               | Key point                                                    |
| ------------------------ | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Initial extradition test | District Judge (Westminster) | Court checks identity, documentation, and statutory tests    |
| Forum bar                | District Judge               | UK may be the more appropriate place for prosecution         |
| Double jeopardy          | District Judge               | No extradition for the same matter twice                     |
| Speciality               | Court and Secretary of State | Only the extradited offences may be dealt with abroad        |
| Human rights (Art 3/8)   | District Judge               | Refuse if real risk of ill‑treatment or unjust family impact |
| Onward extradition       | Secretary of State           | Prior sending State’s consent may be required                |

Extradition in the UK: Process, Bars, and Practical Steps