## Facts

- The Unión de Pequeños Agricultores (UPA), a Spanish agricultural association, challenged a Council Regulation related to the common organization of the banana market.
- UPA argued that the Regulation negatively impacted its members, who were banana producers.
- The action was brought under Article 263 TFEU, which sets the conditions for non-privileged applicants to challenge EU acts.
- The General Court dismissed UPA’s application for lack of standing.
- UPA appealed to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), asserting that its members were individually and directly concerned by the Regulation.

## Issues

1. Whether UPA and its members could satisfy the individual concern requirement under Article 263 TFEU to have standing to challenge the Council Regulation.
2. Whether the closed class doctrine applied to UPA’s members, distinguishing them from all other banana producers.
3. Whether the strict approach to individual concern under the Plaumann test unjustifiably restricts access to judicial review for individuals and associations.
4. Whether alternatives or reforms to the standing rules under Article 263 TFEU were necessary to ensure effective judicial protection.

## Decision

- The ECJ upheld the General Court’s decision, dismissing UPA’s application for lack of standing.
- The Court reaffirmed the Plaumann test, requiring applicants to demonstrate that an act affects them by reason of attributes or circumstances distinguishing them individually as if they were the addressee of a decision.
- The Court held that UPA’s members, as banana producers, were affected in the same way as all other banana producers, and thus did not meet the individual concern requirement.
- The ECJ determined that the group of affected banana producers was not a closed class, as new producers could enter the market.
- The judgment confirmed the high threshold for non-privileged applicants seeking judicial review of EU regulations.

## Legal Principles

- The individual concern criterion under Article 263 TFEU, as interpreted in Plaumann, requires applicants to be affected by an act due to attributes peculiar to them or unique circumstances.
- The closed class doctrine maintains that applicants must belong to a fixed, identifiable group at the time the act is adopted.
- The strict interpretation of individual concern significantly limits access to EU judicial review for individuals and associations.
- The rationale for the stringent rule is to prevent an unmanageable number of challenges before the ECJ.
- Critics argue that this approach creates barriers to effective judicial protection and may contribute to a democratic deficit.
- Although the Lisbon Treaty introduced potential avenues for representative associations, significant obstacles to standing remain.

## Conclusion

UPA v Council confirmed the stringent application of the Plaumann test for individual concern under Article 263 TFEU, making it difficult for individuals and associations to challenge EU acts. The ECJ reiterated the necessity for applicants to be distinguished from all others, emphasizing the ongoing debate between access to justice and the orderly functioning of the EU judicial system.

Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council (Case C-50/00 P) [2002] ECR I-6677