## Facts

- John Cifarelli, Genaro Cruz, Edward Peterson, and Manuel Alvarez were charged with conspiring to import marijuana into the United States, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 963.
- The government’s proof centered on an undercover DEA operation involving plans to import a large quantity of marijuana (described by the court as 110,000 pounds) by airplane from Colombia.
- DEA agents arranged to meet Cifarelli at the Opa-Locka Airport in Florida.
- Alvarez drove Cruz and Cifarelli to the airport in a pickup truck that carried household appliances, including a washer and dryer.
- At the airport meeting, an undercover agent asked Cifarelli who Alvarez was, and Cifarelli stated that Alvarez would be at the off-loading site in the United States to unload the marijuana when the plane returned.
- The agent then spoke to Alvarez in Spanish and asked whether Cifarelli’s statement was true; Alvarez nodded his head and smiled, and asked whether the agent was going on the plane.
- Alvarez helped unload the household appliances from the truck at the airport.
- After the agents spoke further with Cruz about the expected arrival and unloading of the marijuana, the participants were arrested.
- Peterson’s indictment was dismissed; Cifarelli pleaded guilty; Cruz and Alvarez were tried together and convicted.
- Alvarez appealed, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove he knowingly joined the conspiracy rather than merely assisting in a discrete task.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Alvarez knowingly and voluntarily joined an agreement to import marijuana.

## Decision

- The Fifth Circuit (panel) reversed Alvarez’s conspiracy conviction.
- The court held that the evidence showed Alvarez planned to assist with one act connected to the venture (unloading), but did not sufficiently show that he joined an agreement to violate the law.
- Because the evidence was legally insufficient, the proper remedy was reversal rather than a new trial.

## Legal Principles

- A conspiracy conviction requires proof of an agreement to commit an unlawful act and proof that the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined that agreement.
- On review of evidentiary sufficiency, the court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and asks whether a rational jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
- Proof that a defendant associated with conspirators or intended to help with a single step in a larger plan does not, without additional evidence of knowing agreement, establish conspiratorial membership.
- Circumstantial evidence may prove conspiracy, but it must support an inference that the defendant shared the unlawful plan, not merely that the defendant provided limited assistance.

## Conclusion

The panel reversed Alvarez’s conviction because the government’s proof linked him to the smuggling plan only through his presence at the airport meeting, his confirmation that he would help at the off-loading site, and his unloading of appliances—conduct consistent with helping a step in the operation but insufficient, standing alone, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly joined the conspiracy to import marijuana.


United States v. Alvarez, 610 F.2d 1250 (1980)