## Facts

- Donald Austin owned and ran a chain of art galleries (“Austin Galleries”) in cities including Chicago, Detroit, and San Francisco and personally managed day-to-day operations.
- The galleries sold prints represented as signed, original, limited-edition works by well-known modern artists, but much of the inventory consisted of unauthorized reproductions, including works bearing forged signatures.
- After consumer complaints, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a civil enforcement action against Austin.
- Austin entered a settlement/consent agreement with the FTC that (1) barred future misrepresentations in selling artwork and (2) required him to pay $625,000 into a consumer-redress fund, with the amount increasing to $1.5 million if he defaulted.
- The FTC estimated that consumers’ total losses from Austin’s scheme exceeded $3.8 million.
- After the settlement, Austin did not timely pay the full $625,000 and continued selling forged works.
- The United States then prosecuted Austin for mail fraud and wire fraud based on the same fraudulent art-sales scheme; a jury convicted him on all counts.
- The district court imposed a prison term (described in the opinion as 8½ years) and ordered Austin to pay the remaining balance owed to the FTC redress fund; it also applied a four-level organizer/leader role increase under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).
- Austin appealed, arguing that the FTC action and monetary obligations amounted to prior punishment barring the criminal case, that settlement evidence was improperly admitted, and that the sentencing role increase was unsupported.

## Issues

1. Did the FTC civil settlement and its monetary obligations (including the increase to $1.5 million upon default) constitute “punishment” so that the later criminal prosecution violated the Double Jeopardy Clause?
2. Did the district court err by admitting evidence about the FTC settlement and related conduct under Federal Rule of Evidence 408 and Rule 403?
3. Did the district court properly apply the four-level organizer/leader role increase under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) based on “five or more participants” or the “otherwise extensive” alternative?

## Decision

- The Seventh Circuit affirmed Austin’s convictions.
- The court held that the FTC settlement’s payment obligations were remedial in net effect (aimed at consumer redress and below estimated consumer loss) and therefore did not amount to criminal punishment for Double Jeopardy purposes.
- The court upheld admission of FTC settlement-related evidence, concluding it was used for allowable purposes (such as showing knowledge, intent, and continuation of the scheme) and was not unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403.
- The court affirmed the sentence in all respects except the § 3B1.1(a) four-level organizer/leader role increase.
- The court vacated and remanded on the § 3B1.1(a) issue because the record did not adequately establish five or more criminally responsible participants, and the district court needed to decide whether the activity was “otherwise extensive.”

## Legal Principles

- A prior civil regulatory resolution bars a later criminal prosecution only if the civil sanction is so punitive in purpose or effect that it functions as criminal punishment.
- Monetary obligations directed to compensating victims (consumer redress) are generally remedial, especially when the amount does not exceed the government’s estimate of actual harm.
- Evidence of a civil settlement or consent decree may be admitted in a criminal trial when offered for purposes other than proving the validity or amount of the civil claim (e.g., intent, knowledge, notice, or ongoing conduct) and when Rule 403 balancing supports admission.
- Under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), a four-level organizer/leader role increase requires findings that the defendant led criminal activity involving five or more criminally responsible participants or, alternatively, that the criminal activity was otherwise extensive; when the participant-count basis is not supported, the court must address the “otherwise extensive” basis.

## Conclusion

The Seventh Circuit held that the FTC’s consumer-redress settlement was remedial rather than punitive and therefore did not trigger Double Jeopardy to bar Austin’s later mail- and wire-fraud prosecution. It also upheld the admission of settlement-related evidence as relevant to intent and continued misconduct. The court affirmed the convictions and most of the sentence but remanded for further findings on whether the four-level organizer/leader role increase under § 3B1.1(a) could be supported on the ground that the criminal activity was “otherwise extensive.”


United States v. Austin, 54 F.3d 394 (1995)