## Facts

- In February 2016, airport-security screening at Long Beach Airport found a pistol in Roy William Burris, Jr.’s bag.
- Police arrested Burris and seized items from him, including seven cell phones, cash, gift cards, and papers with numbers and notes that appeared to track payments and money owed.
- About eight months later, investigators obtained and executed a search warrant for the contents of the seven phones and found communications reflecting cocaine dealing.
- Federal authorities charged Burris in the Eastern District of Missouri with conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A).
- Evidence at trial included Burris’s California activity tied to cocaine trafficking, including surveillance of a suspected drug exchange at a residential complex in Hawaiian Gardens, California.
- When officers attempted to arrest Burris after the suspected exchange, he tried to flee by driving onto a sidewalk and toward an officer before being apprehended.
- Officers searched a residence associated with Burris’s family in the same complex and recovered five kilograms of cocaine, a large amount of cash, and a firearm case connected to the pistol found at the airport.
- The government also presented evidence (including testimony from co-conspirator Edgar Roque) linking Burris to a broader cocaine-distribution operation that supplied cocaine from the Southwest to St. Louis, Missouri, involving multi-kilogram quantities.
- A jury found Burris guilty. The district court sentenced him to 300 months’ imprisonment, including guideline findings on drug quantity and enhancements for an aggravating role, firearm possession, and reckless endangerment during flight.

## Issues

1. Whether the Fourth Amendment required suppression of evidence from Burris’s phones because officers waited about eight months after seizing the phones to obtain a warrant to search their contents.
2. Whether the district court erred by declining to give a multiple-conspiracies instruction.
3. Whether the district court improperly admitted evidence about Burris’s California drug-trafficking conduct as outside the charged conspiracy or unfairly prejudicial.
4. Whether the district court clearly erred in determining drug quantity and applying guideline enhancements for leadership role, firearm possession, and reckless endangerment during flight.

## Decision

- The Eighth Circuit affirmed the conviction and sentence.
- The court held that the approximately eight-month delay in obtaining a warrant to search the phones did not make the continued retention of the phones unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment in the circumstances presented.
- The court upheld the refusal to give a multiple-conspiracies instruction because the trial evidence supported a single ongoing agreement to distribute cocaine, even if it involved more than one supplier and more than one location.
- The court concluded that the California trafficking evidence was admissible as proof of the charged conspiracy’s operation and scope, rather than as unrelated misconduct.
- The court upheld the district court’s drug-quantity findings and guideline enhancements, including for an aggravating role, possession of a firearm connected to the offense, and reckless endangerment during flight based on Burris’s attempt to flee in a manner that threatened an officer.

## Legal Principles

- A delay in obtaining a warrant to search the digital contents of a seized phone does not automatically make the continued seizure unreasonable; courts assess reasonableness in light of the circumstances, including whether the device itself is evidence of criminal activity.
- A defendant is entitled to a multiple-conspiracies instruction only when the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to find separate, unrelated conspiracies rather than a single overarching agreement.
- Acts and events that are part of the charged conspiracy’s proof may be admitted to show the conspiracy’s existence, scope, and participants and are not treated as extrinsic “other acts” evidence.
- At sentencing, drug quantity and guideline enhancements are reviewed for clear error (fact findings) and abuse of discretion (application); a sentence will be affirmed when supported by the record and properly calculated under the Guidelines.

## Conclusion

United States v. Burris affirmed Burris’s cocaine-conspiracy conviction and 300-month sentence, rejecting his argument that an eight-month delay in securing a warrant to search his seized phones required suppression and also finding no reversible error in the jury instructions, admission of California trafficking evidence, or the district court’s guideline findings on drug quantity and enhancements.


United States v. Burris, 22 F.4th 781 (2022)