## Facts

- John Doe (defendant) was a federal law-enforcement officer working with an informant during an investigation.
- Doe wanted to personally invest in the informant’s business activities, but federal law barred a federal law-enforcement officer from making that type of personal investment.
- The proposed investment was unrelated to Doe’s investigative duties.
- Doe consulted an attorney for advice on how to make the investment without it being tied to Doe or his government position, including the possibility of using Doe’s wife’s name.
- Doe went forward with the investment and later received approximately $1,000 to $2,000 per week from it.
- The government (plaintiff) opened an investigation into Doe’s conduct and subpoenaed Doe’s attorney to testify before a grand jury about communications with Doe.
- The attorney invoked the attorney-client privilege to refuse to testify about those communications.
- The government argued the crime-fraud exception applied because Doe sought legal advice to facilitate or conceal criminal conduct.
- After a sealed proceeding, the district court ruled the crime-fraud exception did not apply and denied the government’s effort to compel the attorney’s testimony.
- The government appealed the district court’s order.

## Issues

1. Whether the government made a sufficient showing that Doe used attorney-client communications to further or conceal criminal conduct such that the crime-fraud exception defeated the privilege in a grand jury investigation.
2. Whether the district court erred in refusing to compel the attorney’s grand jury testimony after finding the crime-fraud exception inapplicable.

## Decision

- The Third Circuit held that the attorney-client privilege did not bar disclosure to the grand jury where the government established a prima facie basis that the communications were in furtherance of criminal conduct.
- The court concluded the crime-fraud exception applied to the subpoenaed communications because the advice was sought and used to plan, carry out, or hide an illegal investment.
- The court reversed the district court’s order and remanded for further proceedings consistent with applying the crime-fraud exception.

## Legal Principles

- Attorney-client privilege protects confidential legal communications made for the purpose of obtaining or providing legal advice.
- The crime-fraud exception removes privilege protection when a client seeks or uses legal advice to further an ongoing or intended crime or fraud.
- To invoke the crime-fraud exception in the grand jury setting, the government must make a prima facie showing (based on evidence presented to the court) that (1) the client was committing or intended to commit a crime or fraud, and (2) the attorney-client communications were used in furtherance of that misconduct.
- Courts may review submissions in camera or under seal when deciding whether the exception applies, balancing grand jury needs with protection of privileged material that remains outside the exception.
- Communications about past completed wrongdoing may remain privileged, but communications aimed at planning, executing, or concealing wrongdoing fall within the exception.

## Conclusion

In *United States v. Doe*, the Third Circuit addressed whether the government could compel a target’s attorney to testify before a grand jury by invoking the crime-fraud exception. Because the record supported a prima facie showing that Doe sought legal advice to facilitate or conceal an unlawful personal investment connected to an informant’s business, the court concluded the communications were not protected by attorney-client privilege under the crime-fraud exception, reversed the district court’s contrary ruling, and remanded for further proceedings.


United States v. Doe, 429 F.3d 450 (2005)