## Facts

- Senior Airman Michael D. Gorski was tried by court-martial for offenses committed before April 1, 1996.
- Congress enacted amendments effective April 1, 1996, revising Article 57(a), UCMJ, to accelerate when adjudged forfeitures and reductions in grade take effect.
- Congress also enacted Article 58b, UCMJ, requiring mandatory forfeitures of pay (and, in some cases, allowances) for specified sentences involving confinement and/or punitive discharge.
- On May 29, 1996, Gorski was sentenced to, among other punishments, total forfeiture of pay and reduction to E-1.
- Applying the 1996 amendments caused forfeitures and reduction to take effect on June 12, 1996—earlier than under pre-amendment law, which tied effectiveness to the convening authority’s action.
- The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals held that applying the amendments to pre–April 1, 1996 offenses violated the Ex Post Facto Clause.
- The government appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.

## Issues

1. Whether applying Article 58b, UCMJ’s mandatory forfeiture provisions to offenses committed before April 1, 1996 increases punishment in violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause.
2. Whether applying the amended Article 57(a), UCMJ to pre–April 1, 1996 offenses, by accelerating the effective date of forfeitures and reductions in grade, has an ex post facto effect.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces held that applying Article 58b to an accused tried for offenses committed before its effective date has an ex post facto effect when the sentence triggers mandatory forfeitures.
- The court also held that applying the amended Article 57(a) to such offenses, when it accelerates the effective date of forfeitures and reductions, is likewise impermissibly retrospective and punitive.
- The court affirmed relief for the affected class of accused persons, invalidating the retroactive financial penalties as applied.

## Legal Principles

- A law violates the Ex Post Facto Clause if it is retrospective and increases punishment for conduct committed before the law’s effective date.
- Mandatory forfeitures imposed by Article 58b, when applied to pre-enactment offenses, constitute increased punishment compared to the prior discretionary forfeiture regime.
- Accelerating the effective date of forfeitures and reductions in grade under amended Article 57(a), when applied to pre-enactment offenses, increases punishment by imposing financial and status consequences sooner than prior law allowed.
- Ex post facto relief applies to accused persons tried for pre–effective date offenses who receive (a) a general court-martial sentence of confinement for more than six months, or (b) a general or special court-martial sentence including a punitive discharge and any confinement.

## Conclusion

The court held that retroactively applying the 1996 UCMJ changes creating mandatory forfeitures and earlier effective dates for forfeitures and reductions increased punishment for pre–April 1, 1996 offenses and therefore violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, requiring relief from those financial penalties for the covered class of servicemembers.


United States v. Gorski, 47 M.J. 370 (C.A.A.F. 1997)