## Facts

- Army Private First Class Carlo Guilford was tried by a general court-martial with a seven-member panel.
- Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, a noncapital conviction required concurrence by two-thirds of the members; with seven members, five votes were enough to convict.
- Guilford was convicted under that voting rule.
- On appeal, Guilford argued the panel size and nonunanimous voting rule violated the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause and the Sixth Amendment jury-trial guarantee.
- Guilford relied on recent Supreme Court jury cases indicating that civilian criminal juries must have at least six members and that a six-person jury may not convict by a nonunanimous vote.

## Issues

1. Whether Sixth Amendment jury-trial requirements applicable in civilian criminal cases (including minimum jury size and unanimity concepts) apply to courts-martial and bar conviction by five votes of a seven-member panel.
2. Whether the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause requires a larger court-martial panel and/or a unanimous verdict, making a two-thirds voting rule unconstitutional as applied.

## Decision

- The Army Court of Military Review affirmed the findings and sentence.
- The court held that Supreme Court doctrine governing civilian juries does not control the size or voting rules of courts-martial.
- The court held that allowing conviction by a two-thirds vote of a properly convened seven-member court-martial panel did not violate Fifth Amendment due process.

## Legal Principles

- Congress has constitutional authority to prescribe procedures for military justice, including the composition of court-martial panels and voting thresholds for findings.
- A court-martial panel is not a civilian jury drawn from the general public; it is a military tribunal created by statute and historically distinct from the Sixth Amendment jury model.
- Sixth Amendment jury-size and unanimity rules developed for civilian criminal trials do not automatically apply to courts-martial.
- Constitutional review of military trial procedures proceeds primarily through Fifth Amendment due process, asking whether the method of trial is fair in light of the military justice system’s design and safeguards.
- A two-thirds concurrence requirement for guilt in noncapital courts-martial may be constitutional even when it permits conviction by five of seven members.

## Conclusion

United States v. Guilford, 8 M.J. 598 (1979), held that a general court-martial conviction by five of seven panel members under the UCMJ’s two-thirds voting rule did not violate the Sixth Amendment jury-trial right or the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause, and the Army Court of Military Review affirmed Guilford’s conviction and sentence.
