## Facts

- W. Francis Jacobs acquired real property using his own funds.
- Before enactment of the governing federal estate-tax statute, Jacobs placed the property in joint tenancy with his wife, Elizabeth C. Jacobs.
- Upon Jacobs’s death, federal taxing authorities treated the entire value of the jointly held property as includable in his gross estate under the Revenue Act of 1924.
- Jacobs’s estate challenged inclusion of the full property value, arguing that only a partial value should be included and that applying the statute to a pre-enactment joint tenancy violated the Fifth Amendment due process limits on retroactive taxation.

## Issues

1. Whether the Revenue Act of 1924 required inclusion in the gross estate of the entire value of real property held in joint tenancy when the decedent provided all consideration for the property.
2. Whether applying the statute to a joint tenancy created before the statute’s enactment was an unconstitutional retroactive deprivation of property without due process under the Fifth Amendment.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court held that the statute required inclusion of the full value of the jointly held property in the decedent’s gross estate when the decedent alone furnished the consideration.
- The Court rejected the Fifth Amendment challenge, concluding that applying the estate-tax inclusion rule to this pre-enactment joint tenancy was not unconstitutional.

## Legal Principles

- Federal estate-tax statutes may include in a decedent’s gross estate the full value of jointly held property where the decedent supplied all consideration, unless the survivor proves a contribution that warrants exclusion.
- A due process challenge to an estate-tax provision applied to arrangements created before enactment fails where Congress permissibly taxes the transfer-at-death event and measures the tax by property interests affected at death.

## Conclusion

The Court sustained the federal estate-tax treatment of joint tenancy property by allowing inclusion of the entire property value in the gross estate when the decedent alone funded its acquisition, and it held that this application did not violate the Fifth Amendment’s due process limits on retroactive taxation.


United States v. Jacobs, 306 U.S. 363 (1939)