## Facts

- A former U.S. Representative was indicted and convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States and multiple substantive conflict-of-interest offenses.
- The government alleged a scheme in which two Members of Congress used their influence with the Department of Justice to seek dismissal of pending mail-fraud indictments involving a savings and loan institution.
- As part of the alleged scheme, the Representative delivered a House floor speech praising independent savings and loan associations; the institution later circulated copies of the speech.
- The government asserted the Representative received substantial payments characterized as campaign contributions and legal fees, allegedly in exchange for his services and influence and allegedly not disclosed to the Department of Justice.
- At trial, the prosecution introduced and emphasized evidence about the authorship, content, preparation, and motives for the House speech to support the conspiracy theory.
- The court of appeals vacated the conspiracy conviction as barred by the Speech or Debate Clause and ordered a new trial on the substantive counts due to spillover prejudice from the speech-related evidence.

## Issues

1. Whether the Speech or Debate Clause prohibits a criminal prosecution under a general conspiracy statute when the theory and proof require judicial inquiry into the content, preparation, and motives of a House floor speech.
2. Whether the government may retry the conspiracy count if it removes all reliance on protected legislative acts.
3. Whether the Supreme Court should disturb the court of appeals’ order granting a new trial on the substantive conflict-of-interest counts based on taint from unconstitutional use of speech-related evidence.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the court of appeals.
- The Speech or Debate Clause barred using the House floor speech, or inquiry into the motives for delivering it, as a basis for the conspiracy prosecution.
- The government was not categorically barred from retrying the conspiracy charge, but any retrial had to be purged of all elements offensive to the Speech or Debate Clause.
- The Court declined to review the court of appeals’ determination that the substantive counts required a new trial due to the prejudicial impact of the constitutionally prohibited evidence.

## Legal Principles

- The Speech or Debate Clause precludes judicial inquiry into the motivation for a Member’s legislative speech and prevents such speech from being used as the basis for criminal liability.
- The Clause applies even when the prosecution proceeds under generally applicable criminal statutes; the government may not accomplish indirectly what the Constitution forbids directly by making protected legislative acts central proof of criminality.
- The protection covers core legislative acts, including floor speeches, and extends to barring evidentiary and argumentative use that would require courts to evaluate the speech’s content, preparation, or motives.
- The Clause does not immunize non-legislative conduct (such as financial dealings or efforts to influence executive officials) that can be proved without resort to protected legislative acts.
- When a prosecution has relied on protected legislative acts, retrial is permissible only if the case can proceed without using those acts or their motives as elements or evidence.

## Conclusion

The Court held that the Speech or Debate Clause forbids criminal prosecution theories that depend on questioning a Member of Congress about a protected floor speech or the motives for delivering it, while allowing retrial only if the government can prove any remaining charges without relying on legislative acts.


United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169 (1966)