## Facts

- An Air Force crew member, Airman John Loukas, was on a military aircraft mission connected to drug-suppression operations in South America.
- During flight, other crew members observed Loukas acting irrationally, appearing to hallucinate, and sweating and behaving nervously.
- The crew chief, Staff Sergeant Dryer, aware Loukas had been out late the night before, questioned him about whether he had taken drugs due to concern for the safety of Loukas, the crew, and the aircraft.
- Loukas initially denied drug use but, after continued questioning, admitted he had used cocaine.
- Loukas was charged with cocaine use under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
- At court-martial, Loukas moved to suppress his admission on the ground that it was obtained without Article 31(b) warnings; the military judge denied the motion and admitted the statement.
- The Air Force Court of Military Review held the statement inadmissible for lack of Article 31(b) warnings and set aside the conviction.
- The government appealed to the United States Court of Military Appeals.

## Issues

1. Whether Article 31(b) warnings were required before the crew chief questioned Loukas about possible drug use during flight.
2. Whether questioning by a superior for immediate operational safety reasons constitutes “official” law-enforcement or disciplinary interrogation triggering Article 31(b).

## Decision

- The Court of Military Appeals reversed the intermediate appellate court.
- The court held Article 31(b) warnings were not required under the circumstances.
- The court concluded the crew chief’s questions were motivated by immediate operational safety concerns, not by law-enforcement or disciplinary objectives.
- Loukas’s admission was admissible, restoring the basis for the conviction.

## Legal Principles

- Article 31(b) warnings are required only when the questioner is acting in an official law-enforcement or disciplinary capacity or when questioning is for law-enforcement or disciplinary purposes.
- The existence of a superior–subordinate relationship, and the possibility that answers may be incriminating, does not by itself trigger Article 31(b).
- Operational or safety-driven questioning aimed at determining whether a service member can safely perform duties in an exigent mission environment can fall outside Article 31(b)’s warning requirement.

## Conclusion

The court held that a crew chief’s in-flight questioning of a subordinate about possible drug use, undertaken to protect immediate aircraft and crew safety rather than to build a disciplinary case, does not require Article 31(b) warnings, and the resulting admission is admissible.


United States v. Loukas, 29 M.J. 385 (C.M.A. 1990)