## Facts

- Deputy Doug Wood, a narcotics investigator, directed a confidential reliable informant (CRI) to attempt a controlled purchase of methamphetamine from Anthony Joseph Tenerelli.
- Wood watched the CRI dial Tenerelli’s phone number.
- Wood could hear the CRI request methamphetamine during the call, but Wood could not hear the person on the other end of the conversation.
- Based on the call, Wood dropped the CRI at the agreed meeting location near a home-improvement store.
- Officers observed Tenerelli leave his residence, travel to the store, and meet the CRI; Tenerelli and the CRI were inside the store for about five to six minutes before separating.
- The CRI returned to Wood with approximately one-quarter ounce of methamphetamine.
- Wood applied for and obtained a warrant to search Tenerelli’s residence for drugs, drug-trafficking evidence, and proof of occupancy; the warrant listed, among other items, “photographs” and documents showing who owned, rented, or occupied the premises.
- During execution of the warrant, officers found Tenerelli in the living room and seized methamphetamine and a loaded 9mm firearm near him, along with 9mm ammunition.
- Officers also seized cocaine, cash, drug notes, a digital scale, drug paraphernalia, a cell phone, a cable bill addressed to Tenerelli at the residence, and videotapes.
- The videotapes depicted Tenerelli in possession of drugs and a firearm.
- Tenerelli was charged and convicted by a jury of (1) conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine, (2) aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and (3) being a felon in possession of a firearm.
- At trial, Wood testified about what he observed the CRI do during the controlled-buy setup (including dialing the number and asking to buy methamphetamine). The CRI did not testify.
- On appeal, Tenerelli challenged the denial of suppression of the videotapes and the admission of testimony describing the CRI’s actions and implied statements.

## Issues

1. Whether the seizure (and later viewing) of videotapes from Tenerelli’s residence exceeded the warrant’s scope or otherwise violated the Fourth Amendment, requiring suppression.
2. Whether officer testimony describing the CRI’s actions and limited statements during the controlled buy introduced inadmissible hearsay or violated the Confrontation Clause when the CRI did not testify.
3. If any evidentiary error occurred, whether it was harmless in light of the remaining evidence.

## Decision

- The Eighth Circuit affirmed the convictions.
- The court upheld the denial of suppression, concluding the videotapes were properly seized during a lawful search under the warrant’s terms (including the authorization to seize “photographs”) and could be examined for evidence related to the crimes under investigation.
- The court rejected Tenerelli’s hearsay and Confrontation Clause arguments, concluding the challenged testimony primarily described the officer’s own observations and, to the extent it referenced the CRI’s words, it was admitted to explain the investigative steps rather than to prove the truth of the CRI’s assertions.
- Any arguable error tied to references to the CRI did not warrant reversal given the strength of the independent evidence supporting the verdicts.

## Legal Principles

- The scope of a search warrant is read in a practical, common-sense manner; officers may seize items reasonably falling within the warrant’s described categories when found during a lawful search.
- When a warrant authorizes seizure of photographic evidence, lawfully found recorded media that functions like photographic evidence may be seized if reasonably connected to the warrant’s listed items and the investigation.
- After lawful seizure of recorded media under a warrant, officers may examine its contents for evidence tied to the offenses identified in the warrant without automatically creating a separate Fourth Amendment violation.
- Testimony that explains an officer’s actions and what the officer observed during an investigation is not hearsay when it is not offered to prove the truth of an out-of-court statement.
- The Confrontation Clause bars admission of testimonial out-of-court statements offered for their truth unless the declarant is subject to cross-examination; it does not bar non-hearsay use of statements admitted for a limited explanatory purpose.
- Even if an evidentiary ruling is mistaken, a conviction may be affirmed where any error is harmless given other properly admitted evidence of guilt.

## Conclusion

The Eighth Circuit affirmed Tenerelli’s drug and firearm convictions, holding that videotapes showing him with drugs and a gun were lawfully seized during execution of a valid search warrant and could be viewed as evidence, and that the deputy’s testimony about the controlled-buy setup described officer-observed events and investigative steps rather than inadmissible hearsay from the non-testifying informant, with no basis for reversal on Confrontation Clause grounds.


United States v. Tenerelli, 614 F.3d 764 (2010)