## Facts

- Joseph S. Travers used numerous false identities and aliases to obtain title to homes by assuming Veterans Administration (VA) and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) guaranteed mortgages.
- From about 1991 to 1995, Travers acquired title to more than 97 houses, collected rent from tenants, and did not make mortgage payments.
- To delay foreclosure while continuing to collect rent, Travers filed successive bankruptcy petitions using the various false names associated with the properties.
- After a multi-year investigation, federal agents compiled information tying Travers to dozens of assumed VA/FHA mortgages, the aliases used in the transactions, rented mailboxes, and related fraudulent bankruptcy filings.
- On May 8, 1996, agents arrested Travers and executed search warrants at two properties on Bay Harbor Island, Florida (his residence and office).
- The warrants authorized seizure of broad categories of materials, including documents involving real estate and property, litigation materials, mailings, photographs, and items reflecting identity-related or fraudulent activity.
- Agents seized a large quantity of documents related to Travers’s equity-skimming operation.
- Travers moved to suppress the seized evidence, arguing the warrants were unconstitutionally overbroad and functioned as general warrants.
- Agents testified they worked with the U.S. Attorney’s Office in preparing the warrant application, provided the information they believed established probable cause, and received a pre-search briefing from the supervising agent about the warrant’s limits.
- Executing agents testified they reviewed documents before taking them to keep seizures within the warrant’s categories.
- The district court denied suppression, finding the warrant overbroad but concluding the agents acted in good faith in obtaining and executing it.
- Travers was convicted of multiple offenses including mail fraud, equity skimming, money laundering, and bankruptcy fraud; he received a 78-month sentence and was ordered to pay $571,049 in restitution to the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

## Issues

1. Whether the overbreadth and lack of particularity in the search warrants required suppression, or whether the United States v. Leon good-faith exception permitted admission of the seized evidence.
2. Whether the Leon exception was unavailable because officers knowingly or recklessly misled the issuing magistrate to obtain the broad warrants.
3. Whether the Leon exception was unavailable because officers deliberately exceeded the warrants’ scope during execution, turning the searches into general rummaging.

## Decision

- The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the district court’s denial of Travers’s motion to suppress.
- The court affirmed Travers’s convictions and sentence.
- Even assuming the warrants were overbroad, the court held the agents’ reliance on the magistrate’s issuance was objectively reasonable under Leon.
- The court rejected Travers’s claim that officers intentionally or recklessly misled the magistrate; the record did not support that contention.
- The court also rejected the claim that officers deliberately exceeded the warrants’ limits; testimony showed efforts to confine seizures to the warrant’s categories.

## Legal Principles

- The Fourth Amendment requires warrants to particularly describe the place to be searched and the items to be seized; general warrants are prohibited.
- Under United States v. Leon, the exclusionary rule generally does not bar evidence obtained under a warrant issued by a neutral magistrate when officers reasonably rely on the warrant.
- Leon does not apply when: (1) the magistrate was misled by information the affiant knew was false or would have known was false except for reckless disregard for the truth; (2) the magistrate abandoned the neutral judicial role; (3) probable cause was so lacking that reliance was entirely unreasonable; or (4) the warrant was so facially deficient that no reasonable officer could presume it valid.
- When an investigation concerns a document-heavy fraud scheme, warrants may describe categories of business and identity-related records with breadth, and a large seizure alone does not establish a constitutionally forbidden general search.
- Consultation with prosecutors in drafting a warrant application, a pre-search briefing on the warrant’s scope, and agents’ document review practices are facts supporting objective reasonableness for Leon purposes.

## Conclusion

The Eleventh Circuit held that suppression was not warranted because, even if the warrants were overly broad, the agents reasonably relied on warrants issued by a neutral magistrate after consultation with the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and Travers did not show that officers misled the magistrate or intentionally exceeded the warrants during the searches; accordingly, the Leon good-faith exception permitted use of the seized evidence and the court affirmed the convictions and sentence.


United States v. Travers, 233 F.3d 1327 (2000)