## Facts

- The United States charged James Vernon Turley in federal district court with violating the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act (Dyer Act), 18 U.S.C. § 2312.
- The information alleged Turley lawfully obtained an automobile from its owner in South Carolina for a limited, permitted purpose.
- It further alleged Turley exceeded that permission, converted the vehicle to his own use with intent to steal, transported it to Maryland, and sold it without the owner’s permission.
- The prosecution theory treated the conduct as embezzlement or similar felonious conversion rather than common-law larceny.
- The district court dismissed the information on the ground that § 2312’s term “stolen” covered only common-law larceny.
- The United States appealed directly to the Supreme Court under 18 U.S.C. § 3731.

## Issues

1. Whether “stolen” in 18 U.S.C. § 2312 is limited to common-law larceny.
2. Whether “stolen” in § 2312 also includes embezzlement and other felonious takings committed with intent to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership.
3. Whether interpretation of “stolen” in a federal criminal statute should depend on varying state-law definitions absent clear congressional direction.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the district court’s dismissal and remanded.
- The Court held that “stolen” in § 2312 is not limited to common-law larceny.
- The Court concluded that “stolen” includes all criminal takings of motor vehicles intended to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership, including embezzlement-type conversions.

## Legal Principles

- Absent a plain indication that Congress intended to incorporate state-law variations, federal statutory terms in criminal statutes should not be made dependent on state-law labels.
- When a statutory term lacks a fixed common-law meaning, it should be construed in light of statutory context, purpose, and legislative history.
- For 18 U.S.C. § 2312, a vehicle is “stolen” if it is taken or converted with criminal intent to deprive the owner of ownership rights and benefits, even if the initial possession was lawful.

## Conclusion

The Court interpreted “stolen” in the Dyer Act broadly to cover embezzlement and other felonious conversions, ensuring uniform federal application and preventing liability from turning on technical larceny distinctions or state-law terminology.


United States v. Turley, 352 U.S. 407 (1957)