## Introduction

A motion for substitution of parties asks the court to replace an existing litigant with the correct successor so the case can continue without starting over. This often comes up after a death, a finding of incompetency, a merger or assignment that transfers an interest, or when a public official named in a case leaves office. In federal court, these situations are handled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25 (FRCP 25). Most states have similar rules, but local details and timelines vary.

Handled correctly, substitution keeps claims alive, preserves work already done, and avoids dismissals caused by technical missteps. Handled poorly, it can lead to delays or even dismissal. This guide breaks down when substitution is appropriate, who can step in, deadlines, and how to put a clean motion on file.

## What You'll Learn

- When substitution is appropriate in civil cases
- Who can be substituted after death, incompetency, or a transfer of interest
- FRCP 25 timelines, service requirements, and court discretion
- How automatic substitution works for public officials
- How to handle survival vs. wrongful death and related state-law issues
- Practical steps for preparing and filing the motion
- Common pitfalls (90-day deadline, improper service, wrong substitute)
- How substitution affects scheduling, discovery, and the case caption
- Key examples that show how courts apply these rules

## Core Concepts

### When Substitution Applies

FRCP 25 covers four common situations in federal court:

- Death of a party (Rule 25(a)(1))
  - If the claim is not extinguished by death (a state-law question), the court may substitute the decedent’s “successor or representative” so the action continues by or against the estate.

- Incompetency (Rule 25(b))
  - If a party becomes incompetent, the court may substitute the party’s representative (for example, a guardian or conservator) to continue the case.

- Transfer of interest (Rule 25(c))
  - If an interest in the litigation is transferred (merger, assignment, sale), the action may proceed in the name of the original party, or the court may join or substitute the transferee.

- Public officers (Rule 25(d))
  - When a public officer sued in an official capacity leaves office, the successor is automatically substituted. The court may order the caption updated, but no motion is required.

Beyond federal court, many state rules track these concepts, but the wording and timing can differ. Always check the governing statute or rule where the case is pending.

Tip: Survival of a claim after death depends on substantive law. Confirm that the claim survives under the relevant state survival statute before you move.

### Who May Be Substituted

The “proper” substitute depends on the reason for substitution:

- After death
  - Personal representative of the estate (executor named in a will, or administrator appointed in probate)
  - In some jurisdictions, a “successor in interest” may be allowed if no personal representative exists, but courts want proof (affidavit, letters testamentary/administration).

- Incompetency
  - Court-appointed guardian, conservator, or committee with authority to act for the party.

- Transfer of interest
  - The transferee (e.g., surviving entity after a merger, an assignee of contractual rights, a bankruptcy trustee if the claim becomes property of the estate).

- Public officers
  - The new officeholder takes the place of the prior official automatically for official-capacity claims.

Be prepared to prove the new party’s status. Courts often require supporting documents such as:

- Death certificate and letters testamentary/administration
- Guardianship or conservatorship orders
- Merger agreements, certificates of conversion, or assignment documents
- Bankruptcy docket entries or the order appointing a trustee

### Deadlines and Service Under FRCP 25

Timing is critical, especially after a death:

- The 90-day window (Rule 25(a)(1))
  - A motion for substitution must be filed within 90 days after a “statement noting the death” is served.
  - The 90-day clock does not start until the statement noting death is properly served.

- Proper service (Rule 25(a)(3))
  - Parties: serve under Rule 5 (typically ECF service or mail).
  - Nonparties (such as a personal representative): serve under Rule 4 (formal service of process).
  - A statement noting death that is not served on the nonparty representative generally does not start the 90-day clock.

- Extensions
  - Courts can extend the 90-day period for good cause or excusable neglect (Rule 6(b)). Ask before the deadline expires if possible.

- Incompetency (Rule 25(b))
  - No fixed deadline in the rule, but courts expect prompt action once a representative is appointed.

- Transfer of interest (Rule 25(c))
  - No fixed deadline; the court has broad discretion to allow substitution or simply let the case continue in the transferor’s name.

- Public officers (Rule 25(d))
  - Automatic substitution; no motion or deadline applies.

Tip: If no personal representative has been appointed, open or monitor the probate case and request an extension of the 90-day period as needed.

### Effect on the Case

- The case continues without restarting. All prior orders remain in effect.
- The court may adjust schedules if the substitution affects discovery or motion practice.
- The caption should be updated to reflect the new party once the court grants the motion (or automatically for public officers).
- Substitution is not a vehicle to add new claims; it simply replaces a party so existing claims can continue.
- For death-related changes, consider whether you need to convert certain claims to those the estate can bring (for example, a survival claim) or file a separate wrongful death action as required by state law.

## Key Examples or Case Studies

Example 1: Death of a Plaintiff (Estate of Brown v. Green)

- Scenario: A plaintiff in a breach of contract case dies while the case is pending.
- Action: Defense counsel files and serves a statement noting death on all parties and on the decedent’s executor under Rule 4. Within 90 days, the executor moves to substitute, attaching the death certificate and letters testamentary.
- Outcome: The court grants the motion under Rule 25(a)(1). The caption is updated, and the case proceeds in the name of the estate.

Example 2: Incompetency of a Plaintiff (Smith v. Jones)

- Scenario: The plaintiff in a medical malpractice case becomes incapacitated during litigation.
- Action: A probate court appoints a guardian. The guardian files a motion to substitute under Rule 25(b), attaching the letters of guardianship.
- Outcome: The court grants substitution so the guardian can continue the case. Deadlines are adjusted to allow the new representative to get up to speed.

Example 3: Corporate Merger (Transfer of Interest)

- Scenario: A defendant corporation merges into a successor entity while the case is pending.
- Action: The successor files a short motion under Rule 25(c) to substitute itself as the defendant and attaches the merger documentation.
- Outcome: The court grants substitution so the successor remains the party of record. Alternatively, the court could have allowed the case to proceed in the original name because liability transferred by operation of law.

Example 4: Public Official Sued in Official Capacity

- Scenario: A civil-rights suit names a state official in an official capacity. That official leaves office mid-case.
- Action: No motion is necessary. Under Rule 25(d), the successor is substituted automatically, and the caption can be updated on request.
- Outcome: The lawsuit continues against the office, now held by the new official.

These examples show how courts focus on whether the claim survives, whether the substitute has authority, and whether the party seeking substitution met the timing and service rules.

## Practical Applications

Step-by-step filing checklist in federal court:

1. Confirm the legal basis
   - Identify the correct subsection of Rule 25 (death, incompetency, transfer, or public officer). Confirm that the claim survives, if death is involved.

2. Identify the proper substitute
   - Death: personal representative or successor in interest with proof.
   - Incompetency: guardian or conservator with court authority.
   - Transfer: transferee with documentation.
   - Public officer: automatic; consider a notice to update the caption.

3. Gather documents
   - Death: death certificate; letters testamentary/administration; any probate orders.
   - Incompetency: guardianship or conservatorship orders.
   - Transfer: merger certificate, assignment agreement, or other transfer proof.
   - Bankruptcy: docket showing the trustee’s appointment.

4. Watch the clock
   - After a statement noting death is properly served, the 90-day countdown begins. If you need more time (e.g., probate is pending), move for an extension before the deadline under Rule 6(b).

5. Draft the motion
   - Include a concise background, identify the rule, explain why substitution is appropriate, attach exhibits, and include a proposed order.
   - Sample “statement noting death” language (filed separately or as an attachment):
     - “Defendant notes on the record the death of Plaintiff John Doe on [date]. This statement has been served on all parties under Rule 5 and on [Name], the personal representative, under Rule 4.”

6. Serve correctly
   - Parties: Rule 5 service (ECF is typical).
   - Nonparty representatives: Rule 4 service (personal service or other authorized method).

7. Coordinate with the court
   - Confer with opposing counsel if required by local rules.
   - Request a brief schedule adjustment if the new party needs time to review discovery or filings.

8. Update the caption after the order
   - Once granted (or automatically for public officers), update filings to use the new party’s name and role (e.g., “Estate of John Doe, by and through Jane Roe, Executor”).

Common pitfalls to avoid:

- Starting the 90-day clock without serving the nonparty personal representative (the clock likely has not started).
- Waiting for probate to finish without requesting a Rule 6(b) extension.
- Substituting the wrong person (for example, an heir instead of the court-appointed representative when the rules require a representative).
- Confusing substitution with Rule 17’s real-party-in-interest requirement; in many cases you must satisfy both the substitution rule and prove the right person is prosecuting or defending the claim.
- Overlooking state survival statutes and wrongful death requirements, which may affect who can be substituted and what claims proceed.

State-court notes:

- Many states mirror FRCP 25, but deadlines and terminology differ. Some states require a specific “successor in interest” affidavit; others require a motion with probate documents. Always check the controlling state rule and any local practice guides.

## Summary Checklist

- Identify the reason for substitution (death, incompetency, transfer, or public officer).
- Confirm the claim survives (check state survival statutes if death is involved).
- Identify the correct substitute (representative, guardian, transferee, or successor official).
- File and serve a statement noting death to start (or avoid starting) the 90-day window.
- Meet the 90-day deadline after proper service, or move for an extension under Rule 6(b).
- Attach proof: letters testamentary/administration, guardianship order, merger certificate, or similar.
- Serve parties under Rule 5 and nonparties under Rule 4.
- Submit a proposed order and update the caption once the court grants the motion.
- Adjust schedules only as needed; the case continues without restarting.

## Quick Reference

| Scenario                    | FRCP Provision   | Deadline / Service                                                                                | Key Point                                               |
| --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| Death of a party            | 25(a)(1), (a)(3) | 90 days after proper service of statement noting death; parties via Rule 5, nonparties via Rule 4 | Claim must survive; extensions possible under Rule 6(b) |
| Incompetency                | 25(b)            | No fixed deadline; prompt motion with proof                                                       | Substitute the guardian/conservator                     |
| Transfer of interest        | 25(c)            | No fixed deadline; court discretion                                                               | Court may join or substitute the transferee             |
| Public officer changes      | 25(d)            | Automatic; no motion required                                                                     | Caption can be updated on request                       |
| Bankruptcy trustee steps in | 25(c)            | No fixed deadline; follow bankruptcy docket                                                       | Trustee may be joined or substituted                    |

Motion for Substitution of Parties: Rules, Examples, and Practice Tips