## Introduction

In U.S. civil litigation, a responsive pleading is a filing that directly answers the other side’s pleading on the merits. The most common example is an Answer to a Complaint. Unlike motions that ask the court to dismiss or strike claims, responsive pleadings admit, deny, or otherwise address allegations and may raise defenses.

Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), the pleadings that qualify and the timing for them are clearly defined. While state rules can vary, the FRCP offers a reliable baseline. Knowing what counts as a responsive pleading—and what does not—affects deadlines, waiver of defenses, and options to amend.

## What You’ll Learn

- What counts as a responsive pleading under FRCP 7(a)
- How responsive pleadings differ from Rule 12 motions
- What an Answer must include under Rules 8(b) and 8(c)
- Deadlines to serve an Answer or Reply, and how motions affect timing
- How to handle affirmative defenses and counterclaims within a responsive pleading
- Common mistakes (like failing to address each allegation) and how to avoid them
- Practical drafting tips and checklist items to stay compliant with federal and local rules

## Core Concepts

### What Counts as a Responsive Pleading

Under FRCP 7(a), the only pleadings allowed are:

- A complaint
- An answer to a complaint
- An answer to a counterclaim
- An answer to a crossclaim
- A third-party complaint
- An answer to a third-party complaint
- A reply to an answer (only if the court orders one)

Responsive pleadings are those that respond to an opponent’s pleading—primarily Answers and, when ordered, Replies. They directly address allegations and can assert defenses and claims in response.

Important distinctions:

- Motions are not pleadings. A motion to dismiss (Rule 12(b)), motion for a more definite statement (Rule 12(e)), and motion to strike (Rule 12(f)) do not count as responsive pleadings.
- This distinction matters for deadlines and amendments. For example, under Rule 15(a)(1), a party may amend once as a matter of course within 21 days after serving a pleading or 21 days after service of a responsive pleading or certain Rule 12 motions—showing that “responsive pleading” and “motion” are treated differently.

Tip: Always confirm whether the court has ordered a Reply to an Answer. If not, you usually do not file one in federal court.

### What an Answer Must Include

An Answer responds to each numbered allegation and sets out defenses. The FRCP requires:

Admissions and denials (Rule 8(b))

- Admit or deny each allegation in short and direct terms.
- If you lack knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief, say so; it operates as a denial.
- Avoid blanket denials unless you intend, in good faith, to contest virtually everything. Many courts disfavor “general denials” when some facts are plainly true.
- Failure to deny is treated as an admission, except as to the amount of damages (Rule 8(b)(6)).

Affirmative defenses (Rule 8(c))

- State affirmative defenses clearly and separately, or risk forfeiture. Common examples include:
  - Statute of limitations
  - Res judicata/claim preclusion
  - Accord and satisfaction
  - Waiver
  - Estoppel
  - Release
  - Failure to mitigate
  - Comparative or contributory negligence (depending on governing law)
  - Assumption of risk (where applicable)
- Some courts require enough factual detail to give fair notice; check local rules and judge-specific practices.

Counterclaims and crossclaims (Rule 13)

- Compulsory counterclaims must be raised in your Answer or they may be lost.
- Permissive counterclaims can be added if they meet jurisdictional requirements.
- Crossclaims against co-parties may be included if they arise out of the same transaction or occurrence.

Formatting and certifications

- Sign the pleading under Rule 11.
- Include a certificate of service.
- Follow local and judge-specific rules for format, page limits, and any required exhibits.

### Timing and Deadlines

Rule 12(a) sets standard response times:

- Answer to a complaint: within 21 days after service of the summons and complaint.
- If you waive service: within 60 days after the request for waiver was sent (90 days if outside the U.S.).
- Answer to a counterclaim or crossclaim: within 21 days after service of the pleading stating it (Rule 12(a)(1)(B)).
- Reply to an answer (only if ordered): within 21 days after being served with the order (Rule 12(a)(1)(C)).

Effect of Rule 12 motions on timing (Rule 12(a)(4))

- If you file a Rule 12 motion, your deadline to serve an Answer is suspended.
- If the motion is denied or deferred, you must serve your Answer within 14 days after notice of the court’s action, unless the court sets a different time.

State variations

- State rules often mirror these concepts but may use different timelines and terminology. Always check the specific jurisdiction.

## Key Examples or Case Studies

Real-Life Example (Hypothetical)
A plaintiff sues for breach of contract. The defendant chooses not to move to dismiss and instead files an Answer within 21 days. In the Answer, the defendant:

- Admits the existence of a signed agreement
- Denies breach and damages
- States affirmative defenses including statute of limitations and failure to mitigate
- Adds a compulsory counterclaim for unpaid invoices related to the same contract

This Answer is a responsive pleading because it addresses the merits of the complaint and asserts defenses and claims tied to the same dispute.

Case Study: Johnson v. Smith (Hypothetical)
Johnson files a negligence complaint. Smith answers by:

- Admitting certain background facts (date and location)
- Denying negligence and causation
- Raising affirmative defenses of comparative negligence and assumption of risk
- Requesting a jury trial within the Answer

The court treats Smith’s filing as a responsive pleading because it directly addresses each allegation and asserts defenses. The inclusion of a jury demand is common practice to avoid waiver under Rule 38.

Case Study: Doe v. XYZ Corp. (Hypothetical)
Doe files a wrongful termination suit. XYZ Corp. first files a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. The court denies the motion. Within 14 days of the denial, XYZ Corp. files an Answer, responding to each allegation and adding affirmative defenses. Only the Answer qualifies as a responsive pleading; the earlier motion does not. The 14-day clock is set by Rule 12(a)(4).

## Practical Applications

How to draft a strong responsive pleading

1. Track the allegations: Line up your Answer by mirroring the complaint’s numbered paragraphs. Respond to each one.
2. Choose the correct response:
   - Admit what is accurate.
   - Deny what is inaccurate.
   - Use “lacks knowledge or information” when appropriate; it counts as a denial.
3. Preserve defenses:
   - Consider Rule 12(b) defenses. If you are not filing a pre-answer motion, include available Rule 12 defenses in your Answer to avoid waiver (for example, lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, insufficient service).
   - Always raise affirmative defenses you reasonably believe apply; add factual context if local practice expects it.
4. Evaluate counterclaims and crossclaims:
   - Identify compulsory counterclaims under Rule 13(a) so you don’t lose them.
   - Add permissive counterclaims only if you have a jurisdictional basis.
5. Meet deadlines:
   - Calendar the 21-day deadline (or 60/90 days after waiver).
   - If a Rule 12 motion is pending, track the 14-day post-order window.
6. Comply with rules:
   - Sign under Rule 11 and include a certificate of service.
   - Follow local rules for formatting, exhibits, and page limits.
   - Check if the court requires a civil cover sheet or other administrative forms.
7. Consider jury demand:
   - If you want a jury trial, include the demand no later than your last pleading directed to the issue (often the Answer). Missing this may waive the right.
8. Coordinate facts and documents:
   - Verify facts with your client and collect documents early. Admissions in an Answer are binding, so accuracy matters.
9. Keep amendment options in mind:
   - Under Rule 15(a)(1), you can amend once as a matter of course within 21 days after serving the Answer, or within 21 days after service of a responsive pleading or certain Rule 12 motions. After that, you need consent or leave of court.

Common pitfalls to avoid

- Failing to respond to each allegation (untouched allegations may be deemed admitted).
- Using conclusory “denied” without context where courts expect more specificity.
- Omitting affirmative defenses and later facing waiver arguments.
- Missing jurisdiction-specific requirements (verification, captions, judge initials, font/spacing, or page limits).
- Overusing general denials when some facts are clearly true.

## Summary Checklist

- Identify whether you must file an Answer, an Answer to a counterclaim or crossclaim, or a court-ordered Reply.
- Respond to every numbered allegation: admit, deny, or assert lack of knowledge.
- Include affirmative defenses (Rule 8(c)) with enough detail for fair notice.
- Preserve Rule 12(b) defenses if you are not filing a pre-answer motion.
- Add compulsory counterclaims (Rule 13(a)); assess permissive counterclaims and crossclaims.
- Calendar and meet all deadlines: 21 days (standard), 60/90 days (waiver), 14 days after Rule 12 motion ruling.
- Sign under Rule 11; include certificate of service; follow local rules and judge preferences.
- Add a timely jury demand if you want a jury trial.
- Keep amendment timelines in mind (Rule 15(a)(1)) in case you need to revise.

## Quick Reference

| Item                        | FRCP Rule        | Key Point                                                                         |
| --------------------------- | ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| What is a pleading          | Rule 7(a)        | Answers and (if ordered) Replies are responsive pleadings; motions are not        |
| Answer contents             | Rule 8(b)        | Admit/deny each allegation; lack of knowledge counts as a denial                  |
| Affirmative defenses        | Rule 8(c)        | Must be stated or risk forfeiture; list common defenses clearly                   |
| Deadline to answer          | Rule 12(a)(1)(A) | 21 days after service; 60/90 days after waiver                                    |
| Motion effect on deadline   | Rule 12(a)(4)    | After a Rule 12 ruling, answer is due within 14 days unless ordered otherwise     |
| Failure to deny = admission | Rule 8(b)(6)     | Undenied allegations (except damages) are deemed admitted                         |
| Amend once as of course     | Rule 15(a)(1)    | 21 days after serving or after service of a responsive pleading or Rule 12 motion |

Responsive Pleading: Definition, Requirements, and Examples