## Introduction

U.S. lawyers have a duty to keep clients reasonably informed and to promptly answer requests for information. At the same time, there are narrow situations where delaying or limiting disclosure is permitted or required. The American Bar Association’s Model Rule 1.4 (Communication), especially Comment [7], allows delay if immediate disclosure would likely cause the client to act imprudently or suffer harm. Model Rule 3.4(c) requires compliance with court rules and orders, which can bar disclosure of certain materials.

This guide explains when withholding information from a client is allowed, when it is not, and how to handle real-world situations without sacrificing ethics or client trust. You’ll see practical steps, examples, and checklists you can use in daily practice. Always check your state’s version of the rules and any local orders, as they may vary.

## What You'll Learn

- The baseline duty to share information under Model Rule 1.4
- The narrow exception in Rule 1.4, Comment [7] for delay to prevent likely harm
- How court orders and rules can prohibit disclosure under Rule 3.4(c)
- What you may never do: withholding for your own convenience or interests
- How to work with experts (e.g., psychiatrists) when disclosure could harm a client
- Practical scripts for explaining lawful limits on disclosure to a client
- Documentation habits that protect clients and reduce disciplinary risk
- When and how to revisit a delay in disclosure

## Core Concepts

### Duty to Communicate vs. Narrow Exceptions (Model Rule 1.4)

- Baseline duty: Keep the client reasonably informed about the status of the matter, consult about the means to accomplish objectives, and promptly comply with reasonable requests for information. Provide enough detail so the client can make informed decisions about the representation.

- Narrow exception for delay: Under Rule 1.4, Comment [7], a lawyer may delay transmitting information if immediate disclosure would likely cause the client to react imprudently or suffer harm. A common example is a psychiatric evaluation where the examining professional advises that immediate disclosure would be dangerous.

- Prohibited reasons to withhold: You may not withhold information for your own interest or convenience, or for the interest or convenience of another person. If the reason is personal comfort, billing, scheduling, or avoiding a tough conversation, you must disclose.

- Scope of delay: If delay is justified, it should be temporary and as limited as possible. Reassess often. The goal is to disclose when it is safe and sensible to do so.

- Informed decision-making: Even when some details must be withheld or delayed, provide the client with enough information to make decisions about the case. For example, you can explain that significant evidence exists and is being addressed, without revealing protected specifics.

### Court Orders, Protective Orders, and Rule 3.4(c)

- Binding directives: Rule 3.4(c) requires lawyers to follow rules of tribunals and court orders. If a protective order or statute bars disclosure to the client, you must comply.

- Common scenarios:
  - Protective orders in civil cases (e.g., FRCP 26(c)) that restrict who may see sensitive discovery (trade secrets, proprietary data, minors’ records).
  - Criminal matters where orders or statutes restrict sharing classified or sensitive material.
  - Sealed filings or in camera submissions the court expressly bars counsel from discussing with the client.

- How to handle: Tell the client that information exists, explain that a court order limits what can be shared, and confirm that you are challenging or managing the restriction where appropriate. Do not reveal details the order forbids.

- Documentation: Keep a copy of the order, note the scope and duration, and calendar any review dates or triggers for modification.

### Client Safety, Capacity, and Interdisciplinary Input

- Client safety: If a clinician warns that disclosure could cause serious harm, consider a short delay while you seek guidance on timing and approach. Record the clinician’s recommendation.

- Capacity concerns: If the client may have diminished capacity, consult Model Rule 1.14 and applicable state rules. Consider whether involvement of a guardian ad litem or a supportive adult is appropriate, consistent with confidentiality and court rules.

- Gradual disclosure: When feasible, plan to share information in stages, possibly in the presence of a mental health professional, to reduce risk.

### Documentation, Transparency, and Reassessment

- Document your reasoning: Record the facts, the applicable rule (1.4, Comment [7], or a specific order), any expert input, and your plan to revisit the decision.

- Transparency with limits: Tell the client what you can (e.g., “There is evidence we are addressing, but a court order limits what I can share now”). Avoid overpromising.

- Reassess: Set a review date or event trigger (e.g., after a hearing, after a clinician clears disclosure). Confirm next steps in writing.

- Supervision and second opinions: For close calls, consult ethics counsel or a seasoned colleague. Supervisors should guide junior lawyers and review decisions to delay or restrict disclosure.

## Key Examples or Case Studies

### Example 1: Psychiatric Diagnosis (Delay Permitted)

- Scenario: In a personal injury case, a psychiatrist advises that immediately sharing the client’s diagnosis could cause serious harm.
- Action: The lawyer delays disclosure, documents the clinician’s recommendation, and schedules a reassessment in two weeks. The lawyer informs the client that health-related information is being reviewed with a professional and will be discussed safely and soon.
- Result: The information is later disclosed during a planned meeting with a counselor present. The delay was short, purposeful, and tied to client safety.

### Example 2: Sensitive Evidence Under Court Order (Disclosure Prohibited)

- Scenario: In a criminal defense matter, the court issues a protective order barring disclosure of certain discovery to the defendant.
- Action: The lawyer tells the client that the defense team has received sensitive evidence that cannot be shared due to a court order. The lawyer explains how that evidence affects strategy and assures the client that all appropriate motions to challenge or manage the restriction have been filed.
- Result: The lawyer complies with Rule 3.4(c) while keeping the client informed about case direction.

### Case Study A: “In re Jane Doe” (Composite Illustrative Example)

- Facts: Counsel withheld a psychiatric evaluation based on the clinician’s written warning that disclosure would likely trigger acute distress.
- Review: The decision was documented, time-limited, and paired with a plan for safe disclosure.
- Outcome: The approach was found consistent with ethical obligations to protect the client while maintaining communication.

### Case Study B: “Smith v. Jones” (Composite Illustrative Example)

- Facts: Counsel withheld key settlement terms for weeks without any court order or client-safety reason.
- Review: The delay blocked the client from making timely decisions.
- Outcome: The conduct violated communication duties. The message: do not delay disclosure for convenience or tactical advantage unrelated to client welfare or lawful orders.

## Practical Applications

- Use a quick triage: Ask four questions before delaying or limiting disclosure:
  1. Is there a court rule or order prohibiting disclosure? If yes, follow it.
  2. Would immediate disclosure likely cause the client to act imprudently or suffer harm, as supported by credible evidence (e.g., clinician’s advice)? If yes, consider a short delay.
  3. Is the reason personal convenience or third-party preference? If yes, disclose now.
  4. Can the client still make informed decisions if some details are withheld temporarily? If not, adjust your plan.

- Sample language to clients:
  - Court order limits: “We received important material. A court order currently limits what I can share. I can explain how it affects our strategy and what steps I’m taking to address the restriction.”
  - Safety-based delay: “A medical professional recommends we review some health-related information together with support present. I want to make sure we discuss it in a way that protects you. Let’s schedule that promptly.”

- Work with experts:
  - Get written recommendations from clinicians about timing and approach to disclosure.
  - Invite a clinician to be present for sensitive discussions if the client agrees.

- Keep disclosure as narrow and short as possible:
  - Provide summaries that do not violate orders.
  - Use redactions when allowed.
  - Calendar review dates and revisit frequently.

- File or seek modifications when appropriate:
  - Move to clarify or narrow a protective order so you can share more with your client.
  - Request permission to share summaries or allow client review under supervision.

- Documentation tips:
  - Memo to file: date, reason, rule/order, expert input, plan, next review date.
  - Client communication: confirm in writing what you can share now and when you expect to share more.
  - Team notes: ensure all team members know the limits and the plan.

- Training and supervision:
  - Create an internal protocol for handling nondisclosure orders and safety-based delays.
  - Require supervisory sign-off before delaying disclosure except in emergencies.

- Ethics and malpractice coverage:
  - For hard cases, consult ethics counsel or your carrier’s hotline. Early guidance can prevent missteps.

## Summary Checklist

- Confirm duty to communicate (Model Rule 1.4) and share enough for informed decisions.
- Identify any court rule or order that restricts disclosure (Rule 3.4(c)); comply fully.
- Only delay disclosure if immediate sharing would likely cause harm or imprudent action, and document the basis (Comment [7]).
- Never withhold for your own convenience or for a third party’s convenience.
- Use the narrowest delay possible; set a date to reassess and disclose safely.
- Provide lawful summaries so the client understands strategy and options.
- Involve qualified professionals when client safety is at risk.
- Seek to modify restrictive orders when appropriate.
- Document decisions, reasoning, and client communications.
- Train your team and get supervisory or ethics input on close calls.

## Quick Reference

| Topic                       | Authority/Source      | Key Point                                               |
| --------------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| Duty to communicate         | ABA Model Rule 1.4    | Keep clients informed so they can make decisions.       |
| Safety-based delay          | Rule 1.4, Comment [7] | Short delay allowed if immediate disclosure risks harm. |
| Court-ordered nondisclosure | ABA Model Rule 3.4(c) | Follow court rules and orders; do not disclose.         |
| Protective orders in civil  | FRCP 26(c)            | May restrict client access to sensitive discovery.      |
| Diminished capacity         | ABA Model Rule 1.14   | Adjust approach and seek protective steps when needed.  |

Withholding Client Information: Ethics, Exceptions, and Best Practices