## Introduction

In U.S. courts, many statements from the opposing party come in as non-hearsay under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2). That includes a party’s own words, statements the party adopted, statements by authorized spokespersons, statements by agents or employees on matters within the scope of their work made while the relationship existed, and statements by co-conspirators made during and in furtherance of a conspiracy.

These admissions are used every day in civil and criminal trials. They can be decisive, but only if you meet the rule’s requirements and avoid common traps, like trying to offer your own out-of-court statement for its truth.

## What You’ll Learn

- What qualifies as an “opposing party’s statement” under FRE 801(d)(2)(A)–(E)
- The meaning of “offered against the party,” and why it matters
- How adoptive admissions work, including adoption by silence
- How to prove authorized speaker and agent/employee statements
- The “during and in furtherance” requirement for co-conspirator statements
- Key limits: personal knowledge, double hearsay, and constitutional cautions in criminal cases
- How party admissions differ from “statement against interest” (FRE 804(b)(3))
- Practical steps to build the predicate and get a ruling

## Core Concepts

### Rule 801(d)(2): The Five Categories

Rule 801(d)(2) defines these statements as not hearsay when offered against the party:

- (A) Party’s own statement: The party’s words, in an individual or representative capacity.
- (B) Adoptive admission: The party adopted or agreed with someone else’s statement.
- (C) Authorized statement: A person authorized by the party to speak on the subject.
- (D) Agent/employee statement: An agent or employee’s statement on a matter within the scope of that relationship, made while it existed.
- (E) Co-conspirator statement: A co-conspirator’s statement during and in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Key point: These statements are admissible for their truth because the rule labels them non-hearsay.

### “Offered Against the Party” — The Gatekeeper

- The statement must be used against the party who made it or is responsible for it. You can’t offer your own out-of-court statement to help your case under this rule.
- A co-defendant generally can’t use another co-defendant’s statement to help the co-defendant, but the government or opposing party can use it against the declarant (subject to other limits).
- In joint trials, courts often give limiting instructions so the jury applies the statement only against the party it concerns.

Tip: If you need your own out-of-court statement in, consider other routes (e.g., an exception, present-sense impression, state-of-mind, business records, Rule 106 completeness).

### Adoptive Admissions (Including Silence)

- Words: A party can adopt a statement explicitly (e.g., “That’s right,” “I agree,” forwarding an email with “Exactly”).
- Conduct: Nods, signatures, or other conduct can show adoption.
- Silence: Silence can count only when a reasonable person in that setting would deny the statement and the party had an opportunity to respond.
- Criminal caution: Using post-arrest, post-Miranda silence as an adoptive admission can raise constitutional issues. Pre-arrest silence may be treated differently depending on the circumstances and jurisdiction.

Predicate to prove: What was said, who was present, the party’s response or lack of response, and why a denial would have been expected.

### Authorized Speakers vs. Agent/Employee Statements

Authorized speakers (801(d)(2)(C))

- These are people specifically authorized to speak for the party on the topic (e.g., corporate spokesperson, general counsel speaking on litigation matters).
- You must show the authorization covered the subject of the statement.

Agents/employees (801(d)(2)(D))

- The statement must concern a matter within the scope of the job and be made while the relationship existed.
- Example: A delivery driver’s statement about how the delivery was handled; a store manager’s statement about company safety practices.
- Personal knowledge: The rule does not require the declarant to have first-hand knowledge, though that may affect weight.
- Timing: Statements after the relationship ended don’t qualify under (D).

Practice tip: Use job descriptions, payroll records, organizational charts, and testimony to show agency, scope, and timing.

### Co-Conspirator Statements (During and In Furtherance)

- “During”: The conspiracy must be ongoing when the statement is made. Statements after the conspiracy has ended (e.g., after arrest, after the scheme is abandoned) usually do not qualify.
- “In furtherance”: The statement must help advance the conspiracy—planning, recruiting, concealing, coordinating, or collecting proceeds. Casual storytelling or mere narrative of past events usually does not qualify.
- Proof standard: The judge decides admissibility under Rule 104(a) by a preponderance of the evidence. The court may consider the statement itself along with other evidence, but you generally need some independent support.
- Multi-defendant trials: Be alert to Bruton-type problems if a non-testifying co-defendant’s statement directly implicates another defendant.

### How Party Admissions Differ from “Statements Against Interest”

- Party admission (801(d)(2)): Classified as non-hearsay; no unavailability required; rationale is fairness.
- Statement against interest (804(b)(3)): A hearsay exception; requires the declarant to be unavailable and the statement to be against the declarant’s penal, proprietary, or pecuniary interest when made, with corroboration in criminal cases.

Use the right rule for the job. If your declarant is the opposing party (or fits 801(d)(2)(B)–(E)), 801(d)(2) is usually the simpler path.

## Key Examples or Case Studies

- Example: Contract dispute — party’s own words  
  During settlement talks in a breach of contract case, Bob says, “I didn’t do my part because I was too busy.” If Alice offers that statement against Bob, it’s admissible under 801(d)(2)(A).

- Case example: Smith v. Jones (hypothetical) — defendant’s email  
  In a car crash suit, Smith offers Jones’s email to his insurer stating, “I was at fault.” Because it’s Jones’s own statement offered against him, it’s non-hearsay under 801(d)(2)(A). The email may also qualify as a business record of the insurer, but you don’t need that if 801(d)(2) fits.

- Case example: State v. Green (hypothetical) — co-conspirator statement  
  Prosecutors offer statements by Green’s partner made while arranging fraudulent invoices and splitting payments. Planning and concealment statements made during the scheme qualify under 801(d)(2)(E). Statements to police after arrest describing what happened do not qualify; they’re not “in furtherance.”

- Example: Agent/employee — within scope and during the relationship  
  A trucking company driver at the scene says, “I took this route to save time, even though the load was overweight.” If the company is a party and the statement concerns the driver’s job duties while employed, it can come in against the company under 801(d)(2)(D).

- Example: Adoptive admission — agreement by conduct  
  A company VP forwards a subordinate’s report stating “We overstated revenue last quarter,” adding “As discussed.” The forwarding with agreement language can show adoption under 801(d)(2)(B). The company’s authorization or the VP’s role may also bring the statement in under 801(d)(2)(C) or (D).

## Practical Applications

- Identify the category first  
  Decide whether you’re using (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E). This shapes the proof you’ll need.

- Build the predicate  
  For adoptive admissions: prove the statement, the party’s conduct or silence, the context, and why a denial was expected.  
  For authorized/agent statements: prove the relationship, scope of duties, timing, and subject matter.  
  For co-conspirators: offer independent evidence of a conspiracy and membership, plus how the statement advanced the plan.

- “Offered against” check  
  Confirm the statement is being used against the party tied to it. Don’t try to use your own out-of-court words for your benefit under this rule.

- Handle double hearsay  
  Documents (emails, reports) often contain statements from multiple people. Each layer must be admissible (e.g., the party’s own words under 801(d)(2), and any additional layers under another rule).

- Seek a preliminary ruling  
  Use motions in limine or a Rule 104(a) hearing to get the court’s decision on co-conspirator or agency issues before trial.

- Use limiting instructions when needed  
  If a statement applies to only one defendant, request a limiting instruction to keep the jury focused.

- Watch constitutional issues in criminal cases  
  Adoptive admissions by silence after Miranda warnings are fraught. Also consider confrontation issues with non-testifying co-defendants.

- State variations  
  Most states track the federal rule, but some treat admissions as a hearsay exception rather than non-hearsay. Check local rules.

## Summary Checklist

- Categorize under 801(d)(2)(A)–(E)
- Confirm it’s “offered against” the party tied to the statement
- Adoptive admissions: show adoption by words, conduct, or qualifying silence
- Authorized speaker: show authority on the subject
- Agent/employee: show the relationship, scope, and timing (while it existed)
- Co-conspirator: prove conspiracy, membership, and “during and in furtherance”
- Address double-hearsay in documents or emails
- Consider a pretrial ruling on agency and conspiracy questions
- Avoid using a party’s own statement to help that same party
- Remember: no unavailability requirement for 801(d)(2); personal knowledge not required
- In criminal cases, check for Miranda and confrontation issues

## Quick Reference

| Category                 | FRE Provision | Key Takeaway                                                  |
| ------------------------ | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Party’s own statement    | 801(d)(2)(A)  | A party’s words are non-hearsay when used against that party. |
| Adoptive admission       | 801(d)(2)(B)  | Adoption by words, conduct, or qualifying silence.            |
| Authorized statement     | 801(d)(2)(C)  | Speaker is authorized to speak on the subject.                |
| Agent/employee statement | 801(d)(2)(D)  | On a matter within scope, made during the relationship.       |
| Co-conspirator statement | 801(d)(2)(E)  | During and in furtherance of the conspiracy.                  |

Admissions by a Party-Opponent: FRE 801(d)(2)