## Introduction

A statement against interest is a hearsay exception under Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3). It covers out-of-court statements that a reasonable person would not have made unless they believed them to be true because the statements were so damaging to the speaker’s own interests—criminal, financial, property-related, or exposing them to civil liability. These statements can be admitted only if the declarant is unavailable to testify. Courts treat them as reliable because people rarely make statements that hurt themselves unless they think those statements are accurate.

This guide explains how the rule works in U.S. courts, where it fits alongside other hearsay rules, and what lawyers need to show to get these statements in (or keep them out).

## What You’ll Learn

- What qualifies as a “statement against interest” under FRE 804(b)(3)
- The unavailability requirement and how to prove it under FRE 804(a)
- Types of interests covered: penal, pecuniary, proprietary, civil liability, and invalidating claims
- Corroboration requirements for criminal cases
- How Williamson v. United States limits the admissible portions of a statement
- How Chambers v. Mississippi affects fairness considerations at trial
- How this exception differs from admissions by a party-opponent under FRE 801(d)(2)
- Practical steps to offer or oppose these statements, including redaction and jury instructions
- Common pitfalls: blame-shifting content, multiple hearsay, and Confrontation Clause issues

## Core Concepts

### What Counts Under FRE 804(b)(3)

Rule 804(b)(3) allows admission of an out-of-court statement if:

- A reasonable person in the declarant’s position would have made the statement only if it were true, because, when made, it was:
  - Against the declarant’s pecuniary interest (risking financial loss)
  - Against the declarant’s proprietary interest (hurting property rights)
  - Tending to invalidate a claim the declarant had against someone else
  - Exposing the declarant to civil or criminal liability
- The declarant is unavailable to testify

Key points:

- The statement must have been against interest when it was made, not just later.
- The rule applies in both civil and criminal cases.
- The judge looks at context to decide if a reasonable person would have said it only if true.
- Personal knowledge matters. If the declarant appears to be guessing or repeating rumor, reliability falls apart.

Statements can be oral, written, or nonverbal if intended as an assertion. The rule focuses on substance, not the format.

### Unavailability and Corroboration

Unavailability is required. Under FRE 804(a), a declarant is unavailable if they:

- Claim a privilege (e.g., Fifth Amendment)
- Refuse to testify despite a court order
- Cannot remember the subject matter
- Cannot be present due to death or illness
- Are absent and cannot be brought to court despite reasonable efforts

In criminal cases, there is an extra safeguard. If a statement tends to expose the declarant to criminal liability and is offered in a criminal case, it must be supported by corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate trustworthiness. Factors courts often consider:

- Timing and spontaneity (made close in time to the events, without prompting)
- Audience (to a friend vs. to police while trying to cut a deal)
- Whether the statement was custodial or noncustodial
- Whether it shifts blame to others or accepts full responsibility
- Independent evidence (documents, physical evidence, other witness testimony)
- Specificity and detail (vague statements carry less weight)

### Not the Same as an Admission by a Party-Opponent

Do not confuse a “statement against interest” with an “opposing party’s statement” (FRE 801(d)(2)), often called an admission by a party-opponent:

- FRE 801(d)(2) statements are not hearsay at all, so unavailability is not required.
- They must be offered against the party who made the statement (or whose agent or co-conspirator made it).
- A party generally cannot offer their own out-of-court statement in under 801(d)(2); it must be offered by the opposing party.

By contrast, Rule 804(b)(3) can apply to statements by non-parties, but only if the declarant is unavailable and the statement truly cuts against the declarant’s interest.

### Williamson and the Scope of What Comes In

In Williamson v. United States, the Supreme Court held that only the parts of a statement that are genuinely self-inculpatory qualify under Rule 804(b)(3). Neutral or blame-shifting portions are not automatically admissible just because they were spoken in the same breath. Courts must parse the statement line by line:

- Allow statements that clearly expose the declarant to liability
- Exclude parts that mainly implicate others or serve to minimize the declarant’s role, unless another rule covers those parts

Redaction and careful limiting instructions are common to avoid unfair prejudice.

## Key Examples or Case Studies

Legal examples:

- Example 1: Admission of fault in a car crash
  - At the scene, a driver tells a bystander, “I ran the red light and caused the accident.” If the driver later dies or refuses to testify by asserting the Fifth Amendment, the statement may be admissible under Rule 804(b)(3) in a civil case because it exposes the driver to civil liability. If the driver is a party and is available, the statement may instead come in as an opposing party’s statement under FRE 801(d)(2), which does not require unavailability.
- Example 2: Embezzlement confession
  - A corporate officer tells a colleague, “I diverted company funds into my personal account.” In a criminal case where the officer asserts the Fifth Amendment, the statement may be admissible under Rule 804(b)(3) if supported by corroborating circumstances (e.g., matching bank records, audit trails). Without corroboration, the court is likely to exclude it.

Relevant cases:

- Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994)
  - Issue: How much of a confession that mentions both the speaker and others can be admitted?
  - Holding: Only genuinely self-inculpatory parts qualify. Courts should exclude portions that are not self-inculpatory or that shift blame.
  - Practice point: Expect redaction and a granular approach. Prepare a clean, line-edited version of the statement.
- Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973)
  - Issue: Can a defendant be barred from presenting third-party confessions that carry strong signs of reliability?
  - Holding: Mechanical application of hearsay rules that deprives a defendant of reliable, critical evidence can violate due process.
  - Practice point: When a trustworthy third-party confession is excluded and it guts the defense, due process arguments may apply.

## Practical Applications

How to offer a statement against interest:

1. Nail down unavailability
   - Be ready with affidavits, subpoenas, medical records, or a clear privilege assertion. Show reasonable efforts when absence is the issue.
2. Identify the truly self-inculpatory parts
   - Draft a proposed redaction. Remove neutral, narrative, or blame-shifting segments unless another hearsay rule applies.
3. Build corroboration in criminal cases
   - Gather independent proof: documents, physical evidence, third-party witnesses, and details consistent with known facts.
4. Address multiple hearsay
   - If the statement contains other out-of-court statements, each layer needs its own exception or exclusion.
5. Prepare for Rule 403 arguments
   - Anticipate claims of unfair prejudice, confusion, or needless cumulative evidence. Be ready to explain probative value.
6. Consider Confrontation Clause issues
   - In criminal cases, testimonial statements to law enforcement may be barred unless the defendant had a prior chance to cross-examine the declarant. Many casual remarks to friends are non-testimonial, but be prepared to brief this.
7. Request a limiting instruction
   - Ask the court to instruct the jury on the limited use of the admitted portions and why some parts were redacted.

How to oppose admission:

- Contest unavailability
  - Argue the proponent has not shown reasonable efforts or that the declarant could testify.
- Argue the statement is not truly against interest
  - Highlight self-serving, neutral, or blame-shifting portions; demand redaction under Williamson.
- Attack corroboration in criminal cases
  - Show that the surrounding facts do not clearly indicate trustworthiness.
- Raise Rule 403
  - Argue that the risk of unfair prejudice or confusion outweighs probative value.
- Raise Confrontation Clause
  - If the statement is testimonial and the declarant is not subject to cross-examination, argue it cannot be used.

Common pitfalls:

- Treating any confession-like narrative as fully admissible without line-by-line analysis
- Forgetting the added corroboration requirement in criminal cases
- Ignoring multiple-hearsay problems within the statement
- Overlooking that 801(d)(2), not 804(b)(3), often covers a party’s own statement

Practical differences in civil vs. criminal cases:

- Civil: Focus often falls on pecuniary and proprietary interests, and Rule 403 balancing.
- Criminal: Expect deeper scrutiny of corroboration, possible Confrontation Clause challenges, and careful redaction.

## Summary Checklist

- Confirm the declarant is unavailable under FRE 804(a)
- Show the statement was against the declarant’s interest when made
- In criminal cases, assemble corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate trustworthiness
- Apply Williamson: admit only the genuinely self-inculpatory parts; redact the rest
- Consider whether FRE 801(d)(2) is the better route if the speaker is an opposing party
- Address layers of hearsay within the statement
- Prepare Rule 403 and Confrontation Clause arguments as needed
- Request or propose a clear limiting instruction for the jury

## Quick Reference

| Topic                          | Rule/Case                                        | Key takeaway                                                             |
| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Statement against interest     | FRE 804(b)(3)                                    | Unavailable declarant; only truly self-inculpatory statements            |
| Unavailability                 | FRE 804(a)                                       | Privilege, refusal, memory loss, death/illness, or absence               |
| Corroboration (criminal cases) | FRE 804(b)(3)(B)                                 | Penal-interest statements need clear corroboration                       |
| Scope of admissible parts      | Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994) | Admit self-inculpatory parts; redact blame-shifting content              |
| Fair trial concerns            | Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973)     | Excluding reliable third-party confessions can violate due process       |
| Party’s own statement          | FRE 801(d)(2)                                    | Not hearsay; no unavailability needed; must be offered against the party |

Statement Against Interest: Hearsay Exception Explained