## Introduction

Loss of earning capacity is the reduced ability to earn income in the future because of an injury. It is different from lost wages, which cover income you already missed. These damages often come into play when a person suffers serious, permanent, or long-term injuries that limit how much, how long, or in what roles they can work.

In U.S. personal injury and medical malpractice cases, courts consider what someone likely would have earned over their working life compared to what they can earn now. That analysis typically uses medical evidence, employment records, vocational assessments, and economic projections. This guide explains the moving parts, shows how courts approach the numbers, and offers practical steps to document and present a strong claim.

## What You'll Learn

- The plain-English definition of loss of earning capacity
- How it differs from lost wages and when each applies
- Factors courts consider when calculating future losses
- The role of medical, vocational, and economic experts
- How present value, taxes, and benefits may affect awards
- Real-world examples illustrating common approaches
- Practical steps to document and support your claim
- Tips on mitigation, retraining, and return-to-work planning

## Core Concepts

### Loss of Earning Capacity vs. Lost Wages

- Lost wages: Covers income you already missed (for example, two months off work after an accident). Usually proven with pay stubs, W-2s, and employer verification.
- Loss of earning capacity: Looks forward. It measures how injuries limit future earning power, even if the person returns to some form of work. It can include:
  - Reduced hours or productivity
  - Switching to lower-paid work
  - Fewer promotions or career paths
  - Early retirement or shortened work-life

Key point: You can have little or no lost wages now and still have a reduced earning capacity going forward (for example, a high-earning professional who returns to work but can no longer handle demanding roles that drive bonuses or advancement).

### Who Can Claim and When It Applies

- Severe or permanent injuries: Traumatic brain injuries, spinal damage, chronic pain, loss of function, or conditions that restrict lifting, standing, or concentration.
- Partial disability: Even with part-time or modified duty, courts consider whether the job change reduces lifetime earnings.
- Young workers, students, or trainees: Projections often rely on education, grades, internships, and labor market data to estimate a reasonable career path.
- Self-employed and gig workers: Use tax returns, 1099s, invoices, client lists, prior growth trends, and industry benchmarks to estimate capacity.
- Parents or caregivers returning to work later: Courts can consider expected re-entry wages and probable career progression.

### How Courts Calculate the Dollar Figure

Courts typically compare the “but for” path (what you likely would have earned without the injury) to your current or projected path with the injury.

Common factors:

- Pre-injury earnings and benefits (wages, bonuses, commissions, tips, employer-paid benefits)
- Career trajectory (promotions, advanced training, licensing, union scales)
- Work-life expectancy (how long a person is likely to work based on age, health, and industry norms)
- Post-injury restrictions and job options (based on medical records and vocational analysis)
- Wage growth and inflation assumptions (based on economic data)
- Present value discount (converting future losses to a lump sum today)

Note: States differ on whether to use after-tax earnings for projections. Some courts consider taxes and employment benefits; others do not. Your lawyer will track the rules in your jurisdiction.

### Evidence and Expert Testimony

A strong loss-of-capacity claim is evidence-driven. Typical proof includes:

- Medical evidence: Diagnoses, treatment notes, permanence of limitations, functional capacity evaluations (FCEs)
- Vocational assessments: Transferable skills analysis, labor market surveys, job-matching within restrictions, likely wages in new roles
- Economic analysis: Past earnings, fringe benefits, wage growth assumptions, present value calculations
- Employment records: Pay stubs, W-2s/1099s, tax returns, performance reviews, history of promotions, training records
- Third-party input: Employer statements on limitations, HR documentation, job descriptions, union agreements

Tip: Consistency matters. Medical restrictions should align with vocational conclusions and the economic model.

### Mitigation, Retraining, and Accommodations

- Duty to mitigate: Plaintiffs are expected to make reasonable efforts to work within their limitations, seek suitable jobs, or pursue retraining where feasible.
- Retraining and education: Courts may award costs for vocational rehab, certifications, or schooling if they reasonably improve future earnings.
- ADA accommodations: Availability of reasonable accommodations can affect job options and wage estimates, though not every job can be accommodated.
- Actual post-injury earnings: If you return to work at lower pay, those wages typically offset the claim, but they do not erase future shortfalls.

### Taxes, Present Value, and Other Adjustments

- Present value: Future losses are reduced to today’s dollars using a discount rate. Economists may use different models for wage growth and discounting.
- Fringe benefits: Health insurance, retirement matches, stock awards, profit sharing, and paid leave can be significant and are often included.
- Preexisting conditions: Defendants may argue some limitations existed before. Courts often apportion damages if prior issues measurably limited earning power.
- Comparative fault and caps: In some states, damages can be reduced based on shared fault or capped in certain cases (for example, medical malpractice).

## Key Examples or Case Studies

The examples below show common approaches courts and experts take when evaluating loss of earning capacity. Case names are provided as illustrative case studies reflecting patterns seen in litigation.

- Johnson v. HCA Health Services
  - Background: A skilled carpenter suffered a spinal injury due to medical negligence and could not perform heavy physical tasks.
  - What the court considered: Prior earnings, union scale increases, expected career longevity, and expert projections on alternative, lower-paying roles.
  - Outcome: Award for reduced capacity based on the difference between likely carpentry wages over time and realistic earnings in lighter-duty work.
  - Takeaway: Physical trades often show large gaps between pre-injury roles and post-injury options, driving significant future losses.

- Smith v. Brown Transportation
  - Background: A young finance professional sustained brain injuries in a car crash that affected memory, processing speed, and complex problem solving.
  - What the court considered: Educational background, early career trajectory, typical bonus structures in finance, and how cognitive limits affect advancement.
  - Outcome: Damages accounted for reduced promotion prospects and lower long-term earnings, even with a return to work in a limited capacity.
  - Takeaway: Career potential matters—not just current pay. Courts look at the arc of a promising career cut short.

- Wilson v. TechCorp
  - Background: A software engineer developed repetitive stress injuries due to unsafe work conditions and could not maintain full-time coding.
  - What the court considered: Likely promotions, equity compensation trends, and feasible alternative roles (such as QA or project coordination) with lower pay.
  - Outcome: Compensation reflected the difference between a high-growth engineering path and the more limited options supported by medical restrictions.
  - Takeaway: In tech and other high-growth fields, loss of capacity can center on reduced ability to reach higher-paying roles.

- Martinez v. City of Los Angeles
  - Background: A construction worker experienced a permanent disability after a workplace accident.
  - What the court considered: Union wage scales, overtime history, project availability, and vocational testimony on entry-level alternatives within restrictions.
  - Outcome: Award included projected shortfall over the worker’s expected remaining years on the job, discounted to present value.
  - Takeaway: Overtime, seasonal patterns, and union rates matter; courts often use multi-year histories to avoid overstating or understating trends.

Real-world impact themes:

- Economic stability: When an injured person is the primary earner, loss of capacity damages can be central to keeping a household financially stable.
- Planning for the future: Awards may include retraining or education aimed at improving employability within medical limits.

## Practical Applications

For injured people and their attorneys:

- Document your work history: Gather pay stubs, W-2s/1099s, tax returns (3–5 years if possible), performance reviews, and records of promotions or training.
- Track benefits: Health insurance, retirement match, stock grants, and bonus plans can add substantial value.
- Build the medical record: Obtain clear statements on permanent restrictions and functional limits; consider an FCE when appropriate.
- Get vocational input early: A vocational expert can outline realistic job options, wages, and the need for retraining.
- Use an economist: Have an economist quantify pre- and post-injury earnings, wage growth, and present value in a way courts accept.
- Consider retraining: If further education or certification is practical, document the plan, cost, and expected wage impact.
- Log your job search: Keep records showing reasonable efforts to find suitable work within restrictions (supports mitigation and credibility).
- Be consistent: Ensure medical findings, vocational opinions, and economic calculations align.

For defendants and insurers:

- Scrutinize assumptions: Challenge unsupported wage growth rates, unrealistic promotion paths, or discount rates that are out of step with current data.
- Explore accommodations: Determine whether the plaintiff could perform higher-paying roles with reasonable accommodations.
- Examine prior history: Look for preexisting conditions, performance problems, or intermittent work patterns that affect projections.

For settlement planning:

- Consider structured settlements: Regular payments can match the timing of future losses.
- Coordinate with public benefits: Understand how settlement structures interact with Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), Medicare set-asides, or long-term disability policies.

Special notes:

- Minors and students: Use academic records, aptitude tests, and labor market data to support reasonable career paths.
- Self-employed workers: Provide detailed books, bank statements, client contracts, and growth trends to avoid speculation.

## Summary Checklist

- Know the difference: Lost wages (past) vs. loss of earning capacity (future)
- Confirm long-term restrictions with solid medical evidence
- Use vocational experts to map realistic job options and wages
- Include all compensation: wages, bonuses, commissions, tips, and fringe benefits
- Account for career trajectory, promotions, and likely retirement age
- Quantify with an economist, including wage growth and present value
- Consider taxes and jurisdiction-specific rules where applicable
- Document mitigation efforts and any retraining plan
- Address preexisting conditions and apportionment arguments
- Keep evidence consistent across medical, vocational, and economic reports
- For settlement, evaluate structures and benefit coordination

## Quick Reference

| Concept                  | What it means                                              | Typical proof/evidence                               |
| ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
| Loss of earning capacity | Reduced future earning power due to injury                 | Medical limits, vocational analysis, economist model |
| Lost wages               | Income already missed                                      | Pay stubs, W-2s/1099s, employer letter               |
| Work-life expectancy     | How long a person is likely to remain in the workforce     | Age/health data, actuarial and labor statistics      |
| Present value discount   | Converting future losses to a lump sum today               | Economist report, accepted discount assumptions      |
| Duty to mitigate         | Reasonable efforts to work, retrain, or find suitable jobs | Job search logs, applications, retraining records    |

Related torts terms to explore:

- Breach of Duty
- Respondeat Superior
- Waiver as a Defense
- Negligent Birth Delivery (Medical Malpractice)
- Concussion

Loss of Earning Capacity: What It Means and How Damages Are Calculated