## Facts

- Aerolease of America, Inc. leased an airplane to Danny Ferrer for one year.
- On January 14, 2005, shortly after takeoff from Lakeland, Florida, the aircraft crashed, killing the pilot, Donald Palas, and passenger Jose Martinez.
- John K. Vreeland, as administrator ad litem and personal representative of Martinez’s estate, sued Aerolease for wrongful death.
- The complaint alleged (1) vicarious liability under Florida’s dangerous instrumentality doctrine for the pilot’s negligence, (2) negligent inspection and maintenance before delivery to Ferrer, and (3) misrepresentations about the aircraft’s condition.
- Aerolease sought summary judgment under 49 U.S.C. § 44112, arguing federal law limits owner/lessor liability absent “actual possession or control,” and applies to injuries “on land or water.”

## Issues

1. Whether 49 U.S.C. § 44112 preempts Florida’s dangerous instrumentality doctrine for aircraft owners/lessors, and if so, to what extent.
2. Whether § 44112 bars a Florida wrongful-death claim against an owner/lessor for the death of a passenger inside the aircraft when the owner/lessor lacked actual possession or control at the time of the crash.

## Decision

- The Florida Supreme Court reversed the district court’s affirmance of summary judgment for Aerolease and remanded.
- The court held Florida’s dangerous instrumentality doctrine applies to aircraft owners and lessors.
- The court construed § 44112 as preempting state-law vicarious liability only for injuries, deaths, or property damage occurring “on land or water” beneath an aircraft.
- Because Martinez died as a passenger inside the aircraft, § 44112 did not preempt the wrongful-death action, and summary judgment based solely on preemption was improper.

## Legal Principles

- In state tort law, federal preemption is not found absent clear congressional intent.
- 49 U.S.C. § 44112 limits owner/lessor liability only for harms occurring “on land or water,” and does not extend to passenger injuries or deaths occurring inside the aircraft.
- Florida’s dangerous instrumentality doctrine may impose vicarious liability on aircraft owners/lessors for operator negligence, except where application would directly conflict with § 44112’s surface-harm limitation.
- Federal aviation statutes’ retention of state remedies supports a narrow reading of conflict preemption in this setting.

## Conclusion

Florida’s dangerous instrumentality doctrine remains available against aircraft owners and lessors for passenger injuries and deaths occurring inside an aircraft; federal law displaces it only for harms occurring on land or water beneath the aircraft, so the wrongful-death case could proceed on state-law theories.


Vreeland v. Ferrer, 71 So. 3d 70 (Fla. 2011)