## Facts

- Four Vermont municipal electric utilities and two Vermont electric cooperatives entered long-term power sales agreements (PSAs) with Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company (MMWEC) tied to MMWEC’s Project No. 6, an ownership share in two Seabrook nuclear generating units.
- The PSAs allocated each Vermont participant a share of project capacity/output and required payment of an allocated share of MMWEC’s project costs, including debt service and operating expenses.
- The payment obligations were effectively “take-or-pay”: participants were required to pay costs whether or not the project produced power or delivered electricity.
- The PSAs gave MMWEC broad authority to determine charges and make key project decisions affecting the amount and timing of payments.
- Project delays and cost overruns prompted the Vermont Department of Public Service (DPS), joined by an intervening municipal utility and later by a cooperative, to challenge the PSAs’ legality.

## Issues

1. Whether Vermont municipal utilities and electric cooperatives had statutory authority to enter long-term take-or-pay PSAs imposing substantial, multi-year financial obligations.
2. Whether the PSAs were invalid because they transferred essential decision-making authority over major project and financial matters to MMWEC, contrary to municipal nondelegation limits.
3. Whether the PSAs were unenforceable for failure to obtain required approvals, including voter authorization for municipal utilities and regulatory approval for electric cooperatives.

## Decision

- The Vermont Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment for defendants.
- The Court held the PSAs were void ab initio.
- The Court concluded the participating utilities lacked authority to incur the PSAs’ long-term, open-ended obligations without required statutory approvals.
- The Court determined the PSAs impermissibly ceded core decision-making over charges and project commitments to MMWEC.
- The Court held the absence of required voter and regulatory approvals rendered the PSAs ultra vires and unenforceable from inception.

## Legal Principles

- Municipalities and similar public entities possess only powers expressly granted by statute or necessarily implied; contracts exceeding those powers are ultra vires.
- Long-term take-or-pay obligations that bind public utilities to pay project costs and debt service regardless of performance may be treated as regulated long-term indebtedness or its equivalent under state law.
- Public entities may not contractually surrender essential governmental authority over fundamental policy or major financial commitments to another body; contracts that effectively transfer such authority violate nondelegation limits.
- Statutory approval requirements (including voter authorization for municipal indebtedness and regulatory approval for cooperative utility commitments) are conditions of authority; failure to satisfy them makes the contract void, not merely voidable.
- When a public entity lacked authority at the outset, the proper remedy is invalidation ab initio, relieving the entity of contractual obligations based on the unauthorized agreement.

## Conclusion

The Vermont Supreme Court invalidated the Project No. 6 power sales agreements from inception because the participating municipal utilities and cooperatives lacked statutory authority to undertake the PSAs’ long-term take-or-pay obligations, failed to secure required approvals, and impermissibly transferred key financial and operational decision-making to MMWEC.


Vt. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. v. Mass. Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co., 151 Vt. 73, 558 A.2d 215 (Vt. 1988)