## Facts

- Michael Jeffery Waller, a teenager, died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound on May 3, 1986.
- His parents alleged he repeatedly listened to Ozzy Osbourne’s recording “Suicide Solution” from the album “Blizzard of Oz.”
- The original complaint asserted the recording contained audible, perceptible lyrics directing Michael to take his own life.
- After defendants sought dismissal, plaintiffs amended to abandon the audible-command theory and instead alleged the song contained a subliminal message intelligible only after electronic manipulation.
- Plaintiffs claimed the music, lyrics, and alleged subliminal message proximately caused the suicide and asserted wrongful death (negligence-based), decedent’s pain and suffering, nuisance, fraud, and invasion of privacy claims against the performer and associated recording/publishing entities and individuals.

## Issues

1. Whether the audible lyrics and music of “Suicide Solution” are protected by the First Amendment such that they cannot support civil tort liability for a listener’s suicide.
2. Whether plaintiffs produced admissible evidence sufficient to create a triable issue that the recording contained a suicide-directing subliminal message.
3. Whether, under Georgia tort law, defendants owed a duty regarding the song’s content and whether the alleged content could be the proximate cause of the suicide given suicide’s role as an intervening act.
4. Whether plaintiffs’ additional theories (nuisance, fraud, invasion of privacy) could proceed where the alleged wrong was the content of a musical recording.

## Decision

- The district court granted defendants’ joint motion for summary judgment on all claims.
- The court held the song’s audible lyrics and music were non-obscene expressive content protected by the First Amendment and could not be the basis for liability absent a narrow exception (e.g., direct, imminent incitement).
- The court found plaintiffs failed to present reliable, admissible evidence establishing the existence of a subliminal message that directed suicide.
- Independently, the court concluded plaintiffs could not establish duty or proximate causation under Georgia law because the alleged link between the recording and the suicide was too attenuated and the suicide functioned as an intervening act.
- The Eleventh Circuit affirmed without opinion.

## Legal Principles

- Non-obscene music and lyrics are protected expression; tort liability premised on such content is barred absent unprotected categories such as incitement that is direct, specific, and tied to imminent action.
- At summary judgment, plaintiffs must present admissible evidence creating a genuine dispute as to the existence of the alleged harmful content (including purported subliminal messages) and causation.
- Under Georgia tort principles, suicide is generally treated as a superseding, intervening act breaking proximate causation, absent a special duty or relationship imposing responsibility to prevent self-harm.
- Claims styled as nuisance, fraud, or invasion of privacy cannot avoid constitutional and causation limits where the asserted misconduct is the dissemination of protected expressive content and essential elements (e.g., misrepresentation and reliance) are not supported.

## Conclusion

The court rejected efforts to impose civil liability for a teenager’s suicide based on a rock song, holding that the recording’s audible content was protected speech, the alleged subliminal-message theory failed for lack of proof, and Georgia tort law did not permit a finding of duty or proximate causation; the judgment for defendants was affirmed on appeal.


Waller v. Osbourne, 763 F. Supp. 1144 (M.D. Ga. 1991), aff’d, 958 F.2d 1084 (11th Cir. 1992)