## Facts

- Paul Benjamin Rodberg operated a for-hire limousine business in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area for many years without the authorization required by the regional regulator for such transportation.
- Rodberg ran the operation through a series of entities, including Reliable Limousine, Inc. (1996–2009) and Reliable Limousine Service, L.L.C. (RLS) (2009–2011), and later continued operating through another entity, Reliable Limousine and Bus Service, L.L.C. (RLBS).
- Rodberg had prior litigation with the Internal Revenue Service concerning unpaid taxes; in that case, he was held in contempt for failing to cooperate with discovery.
- In 2012, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission (WMATC) sued Rodberg and RLS in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, alleging unauthorized passenger transportation services and seeking a permanent injunction to stop the unlicensed operation.
- During discovery, Rodberg failed to respond to interrogatories, contributing to an extension of the discovery schedule, and the district court ordered him to cooperate with discovery.
- Rodberg again refused to answer interrogatories, taking the position that he did not have to respond because he was applying for a license.
- With trial approaching and WMATC unable to obtain discovery, the district court entered default judgment as a sanction and issued a permanent injunction barring Rodberg and RLS from transporting passengers for hire within the Metropolitan District unless authorized by WMATC.
- After the default judgment, Rodberg continued operating under RLBS, and the district court later issued an order stating that the injunction applied to RLBS and to any entity created or controlled by Rodberg.

## Issues

1. Whether the district court abused its discretion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 by entering default judgment and a permanent injunction based on Rodberg’s failure to participate in discovery.
2. Whether the court of appeals had jurisdiction to review the district court’s later order stating that the existing injunction applied to RLBS and other Rodberg-controlled entities.

## Decision

- The D.C. Circuit affirmed the district court’s default judgment and permanent injunction.
- The court held the district court acted within its discretion in imposing default judgment given Rodberg’s repeated refusal to comply with discovery and the effect of that refusal on the litigation schedule.
- The D.C. Circuit dismissed the appeal from the later order concerning RLBS and other Rodberg-controlled entities for lack of jurisdiction.

## Legal Principles

- A district court has broad discretion under Rule 37 to impose sanctions, including default judgment, when a party disobeys discovery obligations and court orders; appellate review is for abuse of discretion.
- Default judgment may be appropriate when discovery noncompliance is repeated or willful and prevents the opposing party from obtaining needed information as trial nears.
- A party is not entitled to a sequence of lesser sanctions before default judgment if the record supports the district court’s determination that stronger relief is warranted to address noncompliance and keep the case on track.
- Appellate jurisdiction does not automatically extend to later district-court orders related to an injunction; when a later order is not properly before the court of appeals, the appeal from that order must be dismissed.

## Conclusion

The D.C. Circuit upheld a Rule 37 default judgment and permanent injunction against Rodberg and his limousine company after repeated failures to participate in discovery in WMATC’s enforcement action, and it dismissed for lack of jurisdiction the appeal challenging a later order stating that the injunction applied to Rodberg’s successor entity and other entities he controlled.


Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority v. Reliable Limousine Service, L.L.C., 776 F.3d 1 (2015)