## Facts

- Cheryl Churchill, a nurse at a city-operated public hospital, spoke with a coworker during a break about working conditions in the obstetrics unit and the hospital’s “cross-training” policy.
- What Churchill said was disputed: management witnesses reported she criticized the department and her supervisor and suggested the supervisor was trying to fire her; Churchill claimed she primarily criticized cross-training as risking patient care and denied making disruptive personal attacks.
- Hospital supervisors investigated by interviewing two witnesses (including the coworker) but did not interview Churchill before terminating her.
- Churchill sued, alleging retaliation for protected speech in violation of the First Amendment.

## Issues

1. When a public employer disciplines an employee for speech and the content is disputed, should the Connick–Pickering analysis turn on what the employee actually said or on what the employer reasonably believed was said after a reasonable investigation?
2. Whether summary judgment for the employer is proper when there is a factual dispute about the reason for the discharge (disruptive speech as understood by management versus potentially protected speech or other reasons).

## Decision

- The Supreme Court vacated the Seventh Circuit’s judgment and remanded.
- A plurality concluded that, in disputed-speech cases, courts apply Connick–Pickering to what the employer reasonably believed the employee said, not what a factfinder later determines was said.
- The plurality indicated the hospital would prevail if it reasonably believed the more disruptive version of the remarks and discharged Churchill for that reason, because such speech could be treated as unprotected given its potential workplace disruption.
- Summary judgment was nevertheless improper on this record because a triable dispute remained as to whether Churchill was fired for the allegedly disruptive statements (as reasonably understood) or instead for other speech or reasons.

## Legal Principles

- Public-employee speech claims are governed by the Connick–Pickering framework: protection depends on whether the speech addresses a matter of public concern and, if so, whether the employee’s interest outweighs the employer’s efficiency and disruption concerns.
- When the content of alleged employee speech is disputed, the constitutional analysis generally proceeds based on the employer’s reasonable understanding of what was said at the time, formed after a reasonable investigation.
- The First Amendment is violated if the employer punishes speech that is actually protected and lacks an adequate factual basis for concluding the speech was unprotected; the employer must reasonably determine both the facts (what was said) and the legal consequence (that the speech, so understood, is unprotected).
- Even if the employer’s belief about the speech is reasonable, liability still depends on causation: the adverse action must have been taken because of the speech at issue (subject to ordinary retaliatory-motive principles).

## Conclusion

The Court held that, for disputed public-employee speech, Connick–Pickering balancing is performed using the employer’s reasonable belief about what was said, based on a reasonable inquiry, but the case required further proceedings because the record did not conclusively establish the speech-based reason for the termination.


Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661 (1994)