## Facts

- A pipe elbow failed at Shell Oil Company’s Norco, Louisiana manufacturing facility, causing an explosion that damaged the facility and surrounding communities.
- Sixteen Shell employees and thousands of nearby residents (claimants) filed suit against Shell and Brown & Root, U.S.A., Inc., seeking compensatory and punitive damages for losses tied to the explosion.
- The district court consolidated the actions and certified a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3).
- The court created two subclasses under Rule 23(c)(4): (A) resident claimants and (B) Shell employee claimants.
- The district court approved a four-phase trial plan:
  - Phase 1: a jury would decide defendants’ liability for compensatory damages and the predicates for punitive damages.
  - Phase 2 (if punitive damages were warranted): 20 “sample” cases would be fully tried to set compensatory damages and determine a punitive-to-compensatory ratio.
  - Phase 3: individualized proceedings would resolve each claimant’s unique issues.
  - Phase 4: the court would compute punitive damages for claimants awarded compensatory damages using the Phase 2 ratios.
- Shell sought interlocutory review, arguing that the Phase 2 sampling scheme conflicted with In re Fibreboard Corp. and violated due process by using sample outcomes to drive punitive awards for non-sample claimants.
- Brown & Root challenged class certification, arguing the case failed Rule 23 requirements given individualized questions.

## Issues

1. Whether the district court properly certified the class and subclasses under Rule 23(b)(3) and Rule 23(c)(4) for claims arising out of a single industrial explosion.
2. Whether the four-phase plan—especially Phase 2’s use of 20 fully tried sample cases to generate punitive-to-compensatory ratios for later use—was permissible under Fifth Circuit precedent (including In re Fibreboard Corp.) and consistent with due process.
3. Whether punitive damages could be computed for absent class members through a ratio derived from sample trials rather than through individualized adjudication tied to each claimant’s compensatory recovery.

## Decision

- The Fifth Circuit held it had jurisdiction over the interlocutory appeal and reviewed the certification and management orders.
- The court affirmed the district court’s decision to proceed with a Rule 23(b)(3) class action and to use subclasses separating residents from employees.
- The court approved the general concept of phased proceedings in a single-incident mass-tort case, recognizing that separating common questions from individual questions can be a proper case-management method.
- The court vacated the portion of the trial plan that would use Phase 2 sample-case verdicts and punitive-to-compensatory ratios in a manner that would effectively determine punitive damages for non-sample claimants without individualized adjudication.
- The court remanded for the district court to revise the punitive-damages portion of the plan to comply with Fifth Circuit precedent (including Fibreboard) and due process constraints.
- The disposition was affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.

## Legal Principles

- A mass-accident arising from a single event may satisfy Rule 23(b)(3) predominance when common liability questions are substantial compared to individualized issues.
- Rule 23(c)(4) permits subclassing and issue-specific treatment to separate common questions (such as general liability) from claimant-specific questions (such as causation and damages).
- Phased trial structures can be permissible if they preserve each side’s ability to litigate individual issues where individualized proof is required.
- Bellwether or sample trials may be used for case management or settlement guidance, but they may not be used to conclusively determine individualized elements for claimants who were not part of the trials.
- Due process requires a meaningful opportunity for each claimant to prove causation and damages; aggregate procedures cannot replace that right by extrapolating binding results from a small sample.
- Punitive damages must maintain a reasonable relationship to compensatory damages and the harm to the particular claimant; a rigid, mechanically applied ratio drawn from sample cases raises serious constitutional concerns.

## Conclusion

Watson upheld class certification and the use of subclasses and phased proceedings for claims arising from the Norco explosion, but it rejected the plan’s attempt to set punitive damages for the broader class through punitive-to-compensatory ratios derived from 20 sample trials, vacating that portion and remanding for a revised approach consistent with Fibreboard and due process.


Watson v. Shell Oil Co., 979 F.2d 1014 (1992)